Interactive Whiteboard: Benefits in the Classroom

Interactive Whiteboard: Benefits in the Classroom Introduction The issues surrounding the use of interactive whiteboards (IWB) and creativity forms the focus of this essay. This area provides an opportunity to look at the interaction between new technologies and classroom reality in the Primary school setting, both in theory and practice. The essay starts with a brief overview of interactive whiteboards within the classroom setting before looking more closely at encouraging creativity both in teaching and learning. Teachernet (online) credits interactive whiteboards with the benefits of: Improving understanding of new concepts Increasing pupil motivation and involvement Improving planning, pace and flow of lessons Teachernet online, Interactive Whiteboards As Cogill (2003, p. 52) points out in her research report for Bects/DfES on IWBs in primary schools, the uniqueness of IWBs lies in its design to be used by teachers for teaching at whole class level. Yet in order to achieve the goals quoted above it is clear that certain other systems need to be put in place, especially professional development and teacher training. For example, as Barber et al. (2007) point out, it is vitally important for teachers to be confident and familiar with IWBs in order to use them to best effect. They also need to have a solid understanding of how to work with, and inspire, creativity and why (e.g. see Loveless 2002). To this end, and in agreement with official policy, there has been an upsurge in texts designed to help teachers work with IWBs. For example, Cooper et al. (2006) give a pragmatic description of how one can use IWBs within all teaching areas, from Maths to Reading. Craft (2000) also argues for the potential to use new technology with creativ ity rather than following the view expressed by some teachers that ‘†¦computers, far from stimulating or fostering creativity, both represent and do the exact opposite of this’ (Craft 200, p. 88). In creating space to use technology creatively it would seem that the first stage is to support their classroom use through training teachers both at pre-service level and through ongoing professional development. However, there is room for debate as to the depth of learning some of these formats inspire, seeming as occasionally do to seek to add entertainment rather than enrichment to learning. Whilst the funding made available through official initiatives, such as the National Grid for Learning (DfES 2003: DfES 2001) has encouraged schools to invest in new technologies, there is a need for systemic support to get the best out of it. For example Machin et al. found correlations between schools success with ICT and a ‘fertile background for making use of it’ (2006 p. 12). More pragmatically, Yelland (2007, p. 163) is one who warns that ‘not all software is positive for learning outcomes’ but then goes on to argue, in common with Machin et al. that it is the pedagogies generated by these new technologies that can create issues. Likewise Sutherland et al. (2004) warn that embedded use of ICT in the classroom can affect how knowledge is constructed. It is bearing this in mind that the following essay seeks to differentiate between, and concentrate on, creativity and not on the range of pedagogies that fall between poor practice and what has been referred to as edutainment. It seems clear that IWBs can provide a fantastic support, especially for visual learners, and posses the potential to be used to support and encourage highly creative interactive and educational learning environments through a wide range of curriculum areas. The ability for both students and teachers to manipulate visual materials (e.g. numbers, words, pitures etc) via the IWB and interact with the information displayed has been credited with: †¦increased pupil engagement, motivation and enjoyment, all potentially leading to improvements in pupil attainments Jones Vincent 2006, p. 2 However, research shows there is still considerable unfulfilled potential with the creative use of IWBs (Jones Vincent 2006: Smith et al. 2005). Creativity in itself has been viewed as essential for the progress of society (Cropley 2001, p. 133) and the next section of this essay looks more closely at how IWBs can be used in a variety of creative contexts starting theory and exemplifying with practice. Learning, or cognitive, styles are traditionally divided into visual, aural and kinesthetic and, in common with Gardner’s (1983) Theory of Multiple Intelligences, recognize what Craft (2000, p. 10) called a pluralist approach. This means catering for the various ways in which individual’s best absorb information and make meaning of it which in turn affects levels of student motivation. From the teaching perspective, creative planning is a means of overcoming individual barriers to learning and requires presenting information in a number of different ways. Cropley (2000, p. 148) saw this application of variety as encouraging creativity in students. IWBs ability to operate as a computer means that audio and video tracks, live websites and multimedia applications can be used to appeal to a range of students learning styles. Ideally, this engages their attention, thereby impacting on their motivation and encouraging creative thinking. IWBs provide an opportunity to link or encourage student interests in a very visual and interactive way. The following takes an aspect of geography as an example of the ways that IWBs can enhance and allow creativity of teaching methods. When teaching the water cycle, the IWB can be linked to any number of live weather cams and channels both in the locality and internationally and show real time weather. Diagrammatic representations of the water cycle can involve the students moving the pictures or labels into the right order using the IWBs touch sensitive capability. Graphic representations of rainfall data or ‘what if’ questions connected with changes in rainfall can all be presented on the IWB. The IWB allows questions to be investigated and extra dimensions to be added, such as a 3 dimensional view of a rain drop or the response to a question regarding the different forms of water – solid (e.g. show ice cubes to glaciers), gas (e.g. show animated kettle boilin g or a steam train running) or liquid (show rivers, seas etc). Notes can be added as the subject is discussed and saved for review the next time. It has been commented that, even as early as Key Stage 1, science can be taught in too theoretical a manner (Charlesworth 2008). Yet in the Ofsted Success in Science report (2008), from which this information apparently derived, the use of an IWB is described as an effective component in a science lesson demonstrating how light works. The teaching strategies included whole class to small group work, role plays and investigative questioning with the IWB used make notes of the students ideas and ‘aid learning’ (Ofsted 2008, Sec. 18, p. 16). Although how the IWB was used to aid learning was not actually described, the suggestion is that it was a valued means of contributing to lesson management, flow and effectiveness. Likewise in maths, the IWB can be used to easily display mathematical representations, be they numeric or conceptual, such as numbers or blocks on a clearly visible scale to the whole class. IWBs provide an excellent support to lesson modeling. This issue of visibility is clearly important and to be able to demonstrate things such as small blocks or coins to a whole class so all can see has been mentioned frequently, such as one of the teachers in Cogill’s research into IWB use in primary schools (2002, p. 25). The DfES has produced – and continues to do so – Interactive Teaching Programs (ITPs) within the Primary National Strategy. For numeracy, these provide curriculum linked interactive programs designed to contribute, not take over, the lesson. Other methods include those demonstrated by Cooper et al.(2006) who show simple ways to add to the dynamics of the lesson, for example using games with clipart to play number line football on the IWB and so on. The imp ortant point is that the IWB works in combination with other teaching strategies, not at the expense of, or to the exclusion of, a balanced well-rounded teaching approach. Equally, the IWB is available to literacy and has an increasing array of supporting software (e.g. DfES ITPs). Cooper et al. (2006) exemplify the IWBs ability to provide students with focus through managing the amount of text visible and the method of presentation – font size and type, highlighted, shaded, hidden, revealed, coloured etc. This adds a dimension to focusing on text formats, from punctuation to spelling and can be very useful in identifying difference for students and helping the retention of information. At the same time, the IWB allows for connection to external media, for PowerPoint’s, video and audio clips, all of which add a dimension to the intended learning if used carefully. IWBs can also be used to create an inclusive environment for students with special needs. As with the font, size and colour changes mentioned above, for students who may have issues with eyesight or problems interpreting words, IWBs can be used to add a dimension of size and impact. For students who find it hard to concentrate, the use of interactive, highly visible materials within their range of interest can easily be projected through IWBs, for example using cars as counters or horses as cursors. The ability to use the IWB to gather notes may also enhance assessment opportunities for the teacher and the savable nature of IWB notes means these are accessible when required in an easily usable format. All these elements not only add to the pace of the lesson and appear to add to the pace of the learning, they also add to the teachers resource bank both for teaching and evaluating progress. In essence, it is perhaps in the area of ongoing professional development that the creative use of new technologies, such as IWBs, needs to focus. When the teacher is motivated and confident, then that comes through in the teaching tools. Indeed the research looked at for this essay has generally agreed with Wood and Ashfield (2008) that new technologies such as IWBs can provide excellent formats for creating and inspiring creative teaching and learning, yet these depend on the teacher’s knowledge and ability to use the technology to achieve this. Becta supports this in its assessment of research and comes to the conclusion that: In some subjects, the more experience the teacher has of using the interactive whiteboard the greater the likelihood of positive attainment gains for pupils Becta 2007, online Cropley (2001) argued that creativity is dependent on a wide range of factors, from cognition to personality, and this has to be considered within the context of the whole classroom environment. IWBs provide teachers with another means of teaching creatively through presentation in altered formats, especially when it comes to communicating with the class as a whole. However it is not alone in encouraging the creative skills of divergent (broad concept connections) and convergent thinking (focused concept connections) or in developing meta-cognitive thinking and accommodation, rather than assimilation, of information. In conclusion, IWBs have the potential to be used extremely creatively for both teachers and students. However, as with many new technologies, their use needs to be supported both by school policy and professional development. As it is likely that these technologies will continue to develop considerably during the near future, it is not enough to teach the usage of specific technologies and think that is where it ends. Perhaps an ongoing mentoring program or collaborative approach to planning with a high IT content may help compliment continued professional development. The same criteria apply to pre-service teacher training whereby familiarity with current IT needs to be support by an ongoing ability to develop IT capacity. From the students’ perspective, well planned and imaginatively used IWBs provide a stimulating, engaging and motivating means of learning. It is clearly just as important to use this interface as a part of a holistic, well rounded curriculum as well as an area in itself and not enough to assume familiarity with contemporary technology without teaching it. References Audain, J., David, A., Flute, M., Fielder, S. Cogill, J (2006) You can use an interactive whiteboard for ages 7-11, Scholastic Barber, D., Cooper, L. Meeson, G (2007) Learning and Teaching with Interactive Whiteboards : Primary and Early Years, Learning Matters Becta (2007) ‘Becta response to the evaluation of the Primary Schools Whiteboard Expansion project, accessed 11th January 2009, http://www.becta.org.uk Becta (2004) ‘Getting the most from your Interactive Whiteboard: A guide for Primary Schools, accessed 10th January 2009, http://publications.teachernet.gov.uk/eOrderingDownload/15090.pdf Charlseworth, (2008) ‘Science teaching ‘too theoretical’, online article accessed 12th January 2009, http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2219313/science-teaching-theoretical-ofsted Cogill, J (2003) ‘The use of interactive whiteboards in the primary school: effects on pedagogy’, in ICT Research Bursaries: A Compendium of Research Reports, ICT in Schools Research and Evaluation Series – No, 16, Norwich: HMSO, available online at http://publications.teachernet.gov.uk/eOrderingDownload/DfES-0791-2003.pdf#page=54 Cooper, A., J., Botham, K. Cromie, H (2006) You can use an interactive whiteboard for ages 4-7, Scholastic Craft, A (2000) Creativity across the primary curriculum: framing and developing practice, London: Routledge Cropley, A. J. (2001) Creativity in education learning: a guide for teachers and educators, Kogan Page DfES (no date) Interactive Teaching Programs (ITPs), accessed 12th January 2009, http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/primary/frameworks/library/Mathematics.ICTResources/itps/ DfES (2003) Fulfilling the Potential: Transforming Teaching and Learning through ICT in Schools, Norwich: HMSO DfES (2001) Survey of ICT in Schools 2001, Norwich: HMSO Gardner, H (1983) Frames of Mind: The theory of multiple intelligences, Basic Books: New York Jones, A. Vincent, J (2006) ‘Introducing interactive whiteboards into school practice: one school’s model of teachers mentoring colleagues’ online article accessed 12th January 2009, http://www.aare.edu.au/06pap/jon06333.pdf Loveless, A (2002) ‘Literature Review in Creativity, New Technologies and Learning’ Report 4, Futurelab Series, Bristol: Futurelab, available online at http://www.futurelab.org.uk/resources/documents/lit_reviews/Creativity_Reveiw.pdf Machin, S., McNally, S. Silva, O (2006) ‘Summary of articles: New technology in schools: is there a payoff? Discussion Paper No 55’, Centre for the Economics of Education at CEP, accessed 12th January 2009, http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs.download.CP199.pdf Ofsted (2008) Success in Science, Ref. No.070195, accessed 12th January 2009, www.ofsted.gov.uk Smith, H J., Higgins, S., Wall, K. Miller, J (2005) ‘Interactive whiteboards: boon or bandwagon? A critical review of the literature’ in Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, Vol. 21, pp. 21-101 Sutherland, R., Armstrong, V., Varnes, S., Brawn, R., Breeze, N., Gall, M., Matthewman, S., Olivero, F., Taylor, A., Triggs, P., Wishart, J. John, P (2004) ‘Transforming teaching and learning: embedding ICT into everyday classroom practices’ in Journal of computer Assisted Learning, Vol. 20 (6), pp. 413-425 Teachernet (online) ‘Interactive Whiteboards’, accessed 10th January 2009, http://www.teachernet.gov.uk/wholeschool/ictis/infrastructure/iwb Wood, R. Ashfield, J (2008) ‘The use of the interactive whiteboard for creative teaching and learning in literacy and mathematics: a case study’ in British Journal of Educational Technology, Vol. 39 (1), Jan, pp. 84-96 Yelland, N (2007) Shift to the Future, Abingdon: Routledge

Examine the Ideas of Manliness, Hostility and Aggression in a View from the Bridge. How Are These Ideas Connected?

Examine the ideas of Manliness, Hostility and Aggression in A View from the Bridge. How are these ideas connected? A View from the Bridge: a tragic drama piece, written by Arthur Miller and first published in 1955. Curtained by the never-ending dramatics of the play, is quite basically a fight for an unconditional love, portrayed by a man of whom perplexes his emotions like no other (Eddie Carbone). The play itself is set in the 1950’s; times when masculinity and dominance we’re vital for a man to obtain, and therefore prove to be key concepts during A View from the Bridge. Due to the constant battle to be the top of the hierarchy, a hostile atmosphere is continuously present within the circle of male characters. To be the more predominant man proves highly important; it gives them authority over the female characters, and status over the other males. The play has been written as a Greek Tragedy: a storyline of where a certain person is destined for disastrous misfortune (the Hero). Linking to this, is the opening narration spoken by Alfieri. Alfieri is a lawyer, and as he quotes â€Å"I am a lawyer .. We’re only thought of in connection with disasters†, you are automatically signalled that something bad is bound to happen at some point during A View from the Bridge. Eddie Carbone works as a longshoreman in New York. He lives with his wife Beatrice, and his niece Catherine. Eddie proves to be the protagonist within the first page of A View from the Bridge, of which is chorused by Alfieri (an ageing lawyer). From this, it is rather easy to acknowledge that Eddie is going to play a domineering role, and quite obviously the hero in this Greek Tragedy comparison. As I have previously mentioned, masculinity is highly important, and particularly important to Eddie. Being the utmost respected and powerful man proves rather essential to him during the play, as gives him domination over the household females. An example of this would be in Act Two, just after Eddie rings the immigration bureau. â€Å"Get them out the house†¦ Not tomorrow, do it now. †. Here he is giving Catherine orders in a rather authoritative manor, and this is a prime example of the way he speaks to the female characters. Eddie has incestuous desires for his niece, Catherine. This continues to be an ongoing problem throughout the entire play. It is quite clear to recognise Eddie’s feelings toward Catherine from the opening scene. When Catherine enters, Eddie is overly keen to know where she is going due to the way she is dressed (short skirt etc); he questions her before becoming complimentary about her appearance, because he is obviously panicking that she has dressed herself specifically to impress another male. Eddie quite clearly feels that as a man, he has a right to inquire when he feels necessary; possibly using this to conceal the fact he wants nothing more than direct control of Catherine’s life. â€Å"Beautiful† he quotes Catherine when observing her new hairstyle. Through the whole of A View from the Bridge, Eddie does not pay Beatrice one single compliment, which seems rather obscure, suggesting he has more admiration for his niece than his wife. Catherine constantly seeks Eddie’s approval, repeatedly asking him â€Å"You like it? about the way she looks. This tells the audience that Eddie has brought Catherine up to believe his opinion is always necessary, relating to the idea of masculinity and the dominance possessed by the household male. The actual reason Catherine dressed herself differently was due to the fact that she has been newly employed as a stenographer: somebody who specializes in the transcription of speech. Yet again, Eddie has something to sa y about the fact that Catherine has a job. â€Å"You can’t take no job. Why didn’t you ask me before you take a job? are his exact words when telling her rather directly how he sees the situation. He is implying that she should of asked for his permission before taking the job, and has disobeyed him by not doing so. This goes back to the idea of him being manly and sustaining his authorities. However, I do not think this is the only reason he doesn’t want Catherine taking the job. It is quite clear to see Eddie has more feelings for his niece than he should have, although during the first half of A View from The Bridge I don’t think he has discovered this for himself. From pinpointing that Eddie was overly bothered about the length of Catherine’s skirt, and her getting a job, it is clear for the audience to absorb that he does not want her to grow up, as this could possibly mean letting go and giving Catherine more independence than preferable. Although Eddie beholds a rather harsh identity, he proves himself a warm and welcoming man when his wife’s cousins immigrate to America in search of employment. Marco and Rodolfo are introduced into the household: quoting â€Å"You’re welcome Marco, we got plenty of room here†, Eddie comes across as a very considerate person. Marco greets Eddie with a firm shake to the hand, however Rodolfo does not. A hand shake is a typically manly gesture, and throughout the play it soon becomes clear that Rodolfo does not fit the stereotypical figure of a man. Eddie expects a man to be a breadwinner, to have obvious physical strength, power and domination. Rodolfo appears to not possess any of these qualities, of which soon proves a serious problem to Eddie. â€Å"Paperdoll.. chorus girl.. kid.. hit-and-run-guy†: these are just a minority of the nicknames given to Rodolfo throughout A View from the Bridge. Rodolfo shows himself as a man that does not fit all the categorical standards of a typical male, and as the play goes on we see how this controversial character shines a negative reflection onto Eddie, bringing him nothing but utter aggravation. Rodolfo likes to cook, sing, dance, and even make dresses. These feminine qualities that he possesses cause Eddie to become suspicious about his sexuality, although Miller makes it quite clear that Rodolfo is not a homosexual, when his relationship with Catherine begins to bloom. To Eddie’s dislike, Catherine takes an immediate shine to Rodolfo. When she asks him â€Å"You married too? †, it is quite clear she’s interested in him. Eddie is not in favour of Catherine becoming close to Rodolfo, and he clearly tries to discourage what he does by calling him petty nicknames. Underneath the front that Eddie puts on about hating Rodolfo, I think ,secretly, he is particularly jealous of him. The play is set in the 1950’s, and therefore there was a lot of pressure on men to live up to the expectations and be the typical male. Rodolfo is not afraid to be himself, even if it does go against all rules of typicality. In my opinion, Rodolfo is a very brave character for doing so: he has no fear of being judged, and I think Eddie is intimidated by this. Eddie has never known any different, and so he is automatically against this new idea of a man being slightly feminine. This tells us Eddie cannot cope with change, relating back to when I mentioned how he is unable to come to grips with the fact Catherine is maturing and becoming less reliant on him. In Act Two, a drunken Eddie makes the ridiculous decision to kiss both Catherine AND Rodolfo. He clearly does this in an attempt to clear all cobwebs, and try to see through to the truth about Rodolfo’s sexuality. Unfortunately for Eddie, he only comes to discover that Rodolfo is nothing more than a heterosexual . I also believe this was an act of bare desperation; Eddie could not think of any other way of getting through to Catherine how he feels, and obviously believed this was the only way to put a stop to her and Rodolfo’s relationship once and for all. However, the scene proves Rodolfo to be more manly than Eddie thought, when Rodolfo demands â€Å"Stop that! Have respect for her! †. Respect is an important quality for a man to have , especially in A View from the Bridge. Although saying this, when Eddie â€Å"pins his arms† (Rodolfo), it again goes back to the idea that Rodolfo fails in the physical department of manliness. This scene is a turning point for the audience, as from this they now know rather exactly how Eddie feels towards Catherine, and how insanely jealous he truly is of her and Rodolfo’s relationship. This is a serious downfall for Eddie, telling you that he is getting progressively closer to his Greek Tragedy ending. As an audience, it is evidently apparent that Marco is in complete contrast to his brother, Rodolfo. Straight away he is thought of as a real man: â€Å"Marco goes round like a man; nobody kids Marco†. This is quoted by Eddie, who quite obviously knows where he stands with Marco, and seems rather threatened by the fact that there are now two dominant male figures in the household. This goes back to when I mentioned how there is always a secret fight to be top of the hierarchy: it is just never made official. It is unnecessary for Marco to prove his manliness verbally, due to the fact that his physicality speaks for him. He demonstrates his strength in a rather protective manor, when he strains to lift a chair directly above Eddie’s head. He does this as a discrete warning, cautioning Eddie to leave his brother alone. When Eddie punches Rodolfo at the end of Act One, he makes it out to be a joke, but Marco is not silly, and clearly knows that it was nothing more than a camouflaged threat made toward Rodolfo. Marco uses physical communication; alerting Eddie that if need be, physically, he will always come out on top. When Marco does this, the other characters are oblivious to the fact that it was meant as a threat. However, the audience would be able to recognise exactly what Marco was implying; the staging would portray the shadowed aggressiveness of the gesture, and build serious tension. It would also add to the hostile atmosphere, that had been previously created by Eddie. Alfieri is another example of a conventionally masculine character. His predominate role in the play proves him an honest, helpful and firm man. The fact that he is a lawyer also tells you as an audience, that he possess a lot of power. I think the title of the play (A View from the Bridge), was in fact based around the role of Alfieri. It is as if he is playing God in this tragedy; he has the ability to look over and judge the situation, but remains un-bias and uninvolved (possibly a skill he has developed from his job). Alfieri has a view from the bridge, and is looking down on a fateful occurrence (Greek Tragedy) that he cannot prevent from happening. Just after Eddie’s death, Alfieri quotes â€Å"something perversely pure calls to me from his memory†. Due to the fact that Alfieri has been such an honest and trustworthy character throughout, this line could sway the audience into realizing that maybe there was a good side to Eddie, as well as bad. Eddie had a rather double-sided personality. Although his love for Catherine got the better of his character, underneath it was quite recognisable that he was generally a caring man that looked after his family very well. He was born poor, and worked hard as a longshoreman to ensure he was able to provide for his wife and niece. The background of the author himself (Arthur Miller), most probably had strong influential effects on the way A View from the Bridge was written. For example, his mother and father were polish immigrants; this relates to the storyline of A View from the Bridge, as Marco and Rodolfo are also immigrants. Miller obviously has a clear view of what he expects a man to be. He has made the main character (Eddie) a very typical man: domineering, strong, and respected by all. If Eddie’s death was a tragedy, then in Millers eyes he was obviously the hero of the play. Miller was born in 1915, and therefore raised around people who too, believed that these qualities were necessary if you were to be considered a real man. A View from the Bridge is a play largely involved in the historical/cultural context of the early 20th century. The ‘American Dream’ correlates directly to the storyline of A View from the Bridge. The American Dream is basically the idea that all humans are of an equal worth, and that all people should do things that give them a quotably â€Å"better, richer, and happier life. â€Å". Eddie’s perception of Rodolfo goes against this idea of the American Dream, because he believes that Rodolfo deserves to be lower in status than him, just because he is not the typical man. When Catherine begins to take an interest in Rodolfo, Eddie does his best to prevent their relationship progressing. â€Å"Don’t lay another hand on her unless you wanna go out feet first† are his exact words when thinking only of oneself. He is very selfish by doing this, and is potentially forbidding Catherine from living the American Dream (happier life). The Sicilian code of honour is another historical policy that relates to A View from the Bridge. The Sicilian code is basically a firm rule of extreme loyalty, solidarity and justice. The Mafia in the early 1900’s followed this code rather closely, for example: if someone was to hurt or even threaten a member of your family, you were to honour them and take an immediate action of revenge. The mafia’s law would justify the murder of Eddie Carbone, due to the fact Marco killed him purely because he posed a threat to Rodolfo. The female characters in A View from the Bridge are the main victims of hostility, manliness, and aggression in this play; Catherine in particular. Due to the fact that Eddie highly dislikes Rodolfo, there is a constant hostile atmosphere present within the household. Catherine is made to feel like she must choose between Eddie and Rodolfo, which again causes hostility. This is not a typical father/daughter relationship; it is clear for the audience to see this from the way Eddie behaves when Catherine and Rodolfo are together. Eddie lives in denial about the fact that he is in love with Catherine, and uses fury to disguise it. When Alfieri figures that Eddie has these strong feelings for his niece, he says â€Å"She can't marry you can she? â€Å"; Eddie does not know how to respond to this and again attempts to hide how he feels for Catherine by getting overly angry, â€Å"I don't know what the hell you're talkin' about! â€Å". The audience are affected by this as, making you pity Catherine and the awkward position she is in. Beatrice suffers from this also, as Eddie is her husband. In one scene they argue about sex, because Beatrice is receiving hardly any attention from Eddie due to his aggression and confidentiality throughout the play. Eddie is constantly taking his anger out on Beatrice, yet she never complains. However, in one scene she has clearly had enough and decides to stand up for herself and go against Eddie. â€Å"I want you to cut it out now, you hear me? I don’t like it! Now come in the house. † To this I think Eddie is quite startled, and replies with â€Å"I’ll be in right away†. Beatrice knows full well that Eddie has more feelings for Catherine than he should: â€Å"You want somethin' else, Eddie, and you can never have her! â€Å". In this quote I think jealously is getting the better of Beatrice, as she describes Catherine as a thing, rather than a person.

The Early Modern Western Enlightenment - 1551 Words

The Early Modern Western Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries. The objective of the Enlightenment was to create authoritative ethics, and knowledge based on an â€Å"enlightened† rationality. The leaders’ that were part of this movement were directing the world towards progress and out of a long period of irrationality, superstition, and tyranny; which began during a historical period called the Dark Ages. Therefore, it provided a framework for the American and French Revolutions, as well as the rise of capitalism and the birth of socialism. Most of the ideas in the 18th century are common laws today; like freedom of speech, freedom of religion and the responsibilities of rulers to their people developed during this time. As well as a huge increase in scientific inquiry. The Western Europeans were seen as rational and political heroes. 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Actually, the Westernized nature of this tradition cannot be neglectedRead MoreThe Significance Of The Enlightenment And Modern Judaism1420 Words   |  6 PagesQns 2. Explain and critically evaluate the significance of the Enlightenment to the development of modern Judaism. The Enlightenment and Modern Judaism Sapere aude! The Rise of the Enlightened man. The Enlightenment also known as the Haskalah movement began in the 18th century. In his 1784 essay entitled: â€Å"Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?†, Immanuel Kant (1959) described the Enlightenment as ‘‘man’s release from his self-incurred tutelage. Tutelage is man’s inability to make useRead MoreJean Jacques Rousseau s Influence On Western Europe1720 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1700s saw the waxing and waning of Enlightenment philosophies and a greater fascination in reason and logic. The individual became supremely important and the idea of selfhood was much debated by philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The idea of the individual also led to greater fascination with culture in many areas in Western Europe, leading to an increase in nationalism. This increase on the emphasis of individual and that individual’s relation to the state led many to begin travelingRead MoreEuropean Exploration : The Age Of Discovery1128 Words à ‚  |  5 PagesEuropean states decided to partake in global explorations in the early fifteenth century. By doing so, this opened up a new chapter in world history, known as the Age of Discovery. 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The Federal Loyalty Security Program And The House Un...

Section A: In reference to the research question â€Å"To what extent did the Red Scare create a pseudo â€Å"reign of terror† in the United States, † authors Wendy Wall and Alexander Stafford provide adequate information about the affects of the red scare on society. Wall goes into a detailed description the Federal Loyalty-Security Program and the House Un-American Activities Committees. Both of these programs set up by the government were a form of oppression to the American citizens, inquiring personal information that should have not been public information. The Federal Loyalty-Security Program put regulations on employment agencies and required employers to take loyalty oaths. This can be seen as a violation of the constitution, as it oppresses one’s personal points of view and violates their right to freedom of speech. The House Un-American Activities Committees (HUAC) questioned workers of film in Hollywood and blacklisted those who were seen as untrustworthy. Those blacklisted thus had a difficult time finding employment. Wall’s article is a secondary source. She evaluates the effects from a historian’s perspective, as she is a professor of history at Binghamton University. Wall’s purpose was to inform the public of the tremendous affects of government oppression programs. Thus, Wall’s paper is very valuable, as she provides an unbiased telling of these. However, Wall fails to consider the perspective of the programs. If she had evaluated it from both perspectives, it wouldShow MoreRelatedSputnik : The Cold War1602 Words   |  7 Pagesthe start of the space age and the U.S.-U.S.S.R space race. Sputnik 1 had very much so surprised the American public and shattered this perception, put forth by American propaganda, placing the United States as the technological superpower and the Soviet Union as lacking in technology too. 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Bioweapons Essay - 1439 Words

Imagine a terrorist without any guns or bombs. Would he or she be considered a real terrorist? The answer is yes; anyone who threatens or endangers the lives of others are terrorists, even those who utilize bacteria and viruses rather than other usual weapons. When people use biological weapons as terrorism, that act is called a bioterrorism. Unfortunately, this actions have been repeated throughout the history, as well as in modern days. They can in fact be far more dangerous than actual weapons. Throughout the past, bioweapons have been used in wars. Such war strategies included throwing carcasses into the enemies castles or forts, which caused terrible spread of diseases. As the world enters the modern age, these pathogens can be†¦show more content†¦As United States stopped the use of bioterrorism, other countries followed and promised to prohibit the use of these weapons. Ironically, United States broke the promise and built bioweapons for defense, wasting millions of d ollars. Another member in making of bioweapons is Russia. Russias most preferred germ was Bacillus anthracis, which caused a deadly disease called anthrax. Russia also had made deadly progresses such as improving bubonic plagues resistance to vaccines and antibiotics, which can be an one deadly germ. They have also made a weapon out of smallpox, one of the deadliest diseases like botulism. Not only that, they also tried to develop bioweapons out of Marburg, a disease with no treatment. There development of weapons made of Legionnaires disease bacteria, Ebola, tularemia contributed to the cause United States initially developed biological weapons. (215) However, after the fall of communism, bio-weaponry disappeared. The final threatening producer of bioweapons in the world is Iraq. At first, United States American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) provided Iraq with varieties of germs, since they were considered allies, but as Iraq was suspected of creating bioweapons, U.S. stopped prov iding. Although Iraqs source of germs were blocked off, they were still capable of getting the sources. It has been found that Iraq has beenShow MoreRelatedBrutality of Bioterrorism and Biowarfare Essays1623 Words   |  7 Pagesprotect the liver from toxins; however, the seeds of the plant are lethal, and as little as 500 micrograms of the seed can potentially kill an adult; consequently, it is ranked as a class B biological weapon (Safety). Class C, the lowest priority of bioweapon, have the potential be highly morbid, but have yet to be engineered by man to do so. The rabies virus, a virus usually transmitted from dogs to humans, is an example of a Class C germ. In addition to rabies, sexually transmitted diseases are rankedRead MoreAnthrax And Its Effects On Humans1231 Words   |  5 Pagesanimal and human vaccines, it also led to the its use as a bioweapon. During World War I, came the first documentation of anthrax being used as a bioweapon by the infection of animals being traded to the allied troops (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). Japan studied the effects of anthrax on prisoner and Chinese populations in the 1930s (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). Responding to the possible bioweapon attacks in World War II, the United States and Great BritainRead MoreBiological Agent Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough the United States have developed a vaccine against the Variola virus in the 1970’s when the World Health Organization eradicated smallpox in 1979, the fear remains that bioterrorist may launch a large-scale attack using the variola virus as a bioweapon at the local and state levels which could overwhelm our local and national health infrastructure. There would be a widespread need for medical supplies, diagnostic tests, and hospital beds. 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There have not been any recent outbreaks of the Plague however it has not been fully eradicated, just monitored. A similar historical issue that arose was due to invasive species and comfortability between â€Å"normal† species. Take intoRead MoreDr. John Cheevers Effect On The Public Health1276 Words   |  6 Pagesproblematic because Dr. Cheever allowed her to go out on her own. In the â€Å"Contagion† film, the Department of Homeland Security came to Dr. Cheever to inform him about the coming outbreak and that it could possibly be a bioweapon (Soderbergh, 2011). Given the possibility of a bioweapon threat and the outbreak could become out of control, I could not see how Dr. Cheever sent only one EIS officer. It is understandable why Dr. Mears agreed to go off on her own because it is in the nature of an EIS OfficerRead More Anthrax in Bioterrorism Essay2035 Words   |  9 PagesAll-all-the sheep died quickly thereafter. The hopes were high for the anthrax bomb, and Germany didnà ­t stand a balloonà ­s chance in a needle stackÃâ€"or so would have been the case had the development of the atom bomb not come up, and the popularity of bioweapons forgotten. As one could imagine, Gruinard Island was a mess of death and contamination after testing-it was indeed the only uninhabited place during WWII. The island has only recently been decontaminated [and yes, they used another hundred sheepRead MoreThe War Of The Soviet Union1524 Words   |  7 Pagesof unanswered questions. There are still former bioweapons sites that Russia has never granted access to. The book paints a picture of some of these programs having lives of their own, in spite of the best intentions of the leadership. So who knows what might still be lurking in the shadows. Minor drawbacks were (1) the author has a tendency to jump back and forth between strands of the story, i.e. from nuclear arms reduction talks, to the bioweapons story, in a somewhat distracting way, and (2) theRead More Bioterrorism and Plague Essay1777 Words   |  8 Pagesbubonic plague is the most common form of plague, pneumonic plague is the more fatal form of the bacteria. It is the only form that has been successfully aerosolized by man and has the potential of taking down a mass of people in days. If used as a bioweapon, it would cause major damage. This paper is designed to inform you of the history, the facts, and the precautions needed to prevent a bioterrorist attack. In 1970, The World Health Organization estimated that 50 kg, or 110 lb, of Y. pestis sprayedRead MoreScientific Ethics Of Scientific Science Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pagesa modified version of smallpox capable of infecting and killing vaccinated people. Poxiruses are candidates for biological weapons (bi oweapons) as they are resistant to heat and other environmental factors, and are highly infectious (Herrlich, 2013). In this example, it is asked whether the Australian researchers would be accountable if such an infectious bioweapon was produced in the wake of this research. The researches would argue that as their intention was not to produce such a virulent strain

Corporate Events in Intramuros Free Essays

University of the Philippines Manila National Graduate Office for the Health Sciences How Many Corporate Events on a particular week day in Intramural? Sherry Ann N. Shares 2014- 85177 2014-2015/ 1st semester Master in Management / College of Arts and Sciences Problem of the Study How many Corporate Events on a particular week day in Intramural? Introduction of the Study Corporate event Is an event sponsored by a corporation for the purpose of cleaving specific goals and objectives such as entertaining customers, Introducing and promoting new products or services, or providing Incentives or training for employees, as well as other activities (Wiley International Dictionary of Event control – all basic principles of project management (Mastitis, P. , Tooled, W. We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate Events in Intramuros or any similar topic only for you Order Now , 2002). Based on research, the areas of management for corporate events are the if: scope, time, cost, risk, content, human resources, procurement, and communication. Thus, there is a need to identify that factors that is relative to the number of corporate events per day. Locale of the study The locale of the study is Intramural which is suited in Manila City. It is a 64-hectare tone citadel, founded by the Spanish in 1571, and has withstood wars, natural disasters and successive waves of colonial invaders, and such stands as a metaphor of Manila itself. (http://content. Time. Com/time/travel/citywide/article/ Intramural is a Latin word meaning â€Å"within the walls†. A place or monument of the Spanish period in the Philippine history. It is also known as the â€Å"Walled City†. It is one of the principal tour destination in the Philippines. Fig. 1 Map of Intramural Hypothesis Hon.: No. Of corporate events per day is not relative with the span of time of the event Ha: No. F corporate events per day is significantly relative to the day of the week. Research Methods This presents the methods used in the research and the respondents of the study to gather the data needed. Methods The instrument and method being used in gathering the necessary data. Interview. Used by the researcher to the gather the primary source of data, it also gave the researchers the opportunity to gather the list of events in Intramural. Furthermore, it gave the opportunity to clarify issues concerning the problem. Walk-in Observation. The observation was also an excellent source of data. The research decided to conduct walk-in observation at the last minute of the study since the hotel do not provide information on their corporate events. Respondents There are two respondents/source of the study: The Flyleaf Hotel and the Intramural Administration. The Flyleaf Hotel. The only hotel inside Intramural. Launched in November 2011, this boutique hotel promises a restful experience for its guests given its 5 star quality beddings, room amenities and a spacious bathroom (http://www. Tableland. Com. PH/ about-us). Intramural Administration (IA). A national government agency created on April 10, 1979, under Presidential Decree 1616. It is tasked to restore the Walled City of Intramural and develop it into a prime urban tourist destination. Sis’s objective is to make this â€Å"city within a city† socially, economically and culturally viable again while as a main center of tourist activity in the City of Manila. It is involved not only in the restoration but also in urban renewal and income generation (IA leaflet). Data Gathering The researcher gathered data from a hotel (Flyleaf Hotel) and government agency (Intramural Administration). The information from the hotel were exclusive which exulted to a walk-in observation and sampling. On the other hand, data gathering through the government agency was easier through their list and schedule of corporate events for the year 2014. The researcher also read articles and books on Corporate Events Management and other related topics to the study. The Flyleaf Hotel. On a phone interview with Ms. Marie Toleration, Sales Manager of The Flyleaf, they could not provide the information needed. She also said that â€Å"most of the events held at the hotel were exclusive and not open to the public†. Since the researcher id not gathered information from the hotel, it resulted to the conduct of a walk-in random sampling at the last minute Just to have the number of events in a hotel and a comparison of data. The researcher conducted a random walk-in sampling on the number of events in the hotel on August 27, 2014 (Wednesday) and August 29, 2014 (Thursday). It was found-out that there is no corporate event held in said hotel on August 27, 2014 and there were four (4) corporate events on August 28, 2014. Intramural Administration (IA). The researcher conducted interview with the Tourism Promotion Division of the IA. The IA has the authority among the public places and venues inside Intramural. All of the events within the vicinity of the Intramural is and must be approved by the IA thus the said agency has the list of the approved corporate events for the year (2014). Data Presentation and Analysis This presents the data gathered based on the information gathered from the IA and the Flyleaf Hotel in Intramural. Table 1 . Corporate Events at the Flyleaf Hotel (August 25-31, 2014) DAYS OF THE WEEK (August 25-31, 2014) No. Of corporate events (Frequency) Monday No data gathered Tuesday Wednesday Thursday 4 Saturday Sunday TOTAL Based on a two-day observation of the corporate events held at the Flyleaf Intramural, it shows that one day of the week (Wednesday) has no corporate event and on the other day of the week (Thursday) has 4 events. These events are meeting and trainings of the employees of different corporation. So, it is not open to public. Data also shows that the week of day or the schedule of the event is relative on the number of events per day. Though, it could not be concluded since it is only a two-day observation. Table 2. Corporate Event per Day of the Week in Intramural Noun 9 – 15, 2014) DAYS OF THE WEEK (JUNE 9-15, 2014) Friday 3 Table 2 shows that data gathered from the Intramural Administration on a random sampling of a week of the year 2014, it shows that there are only three days (3) in a week with an event and each day has only one event. How to cite Corporate Events in Intramuros, Papers

The implementation EHR in Nursing-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: You have been tasked with leading the introduction of a new technique / technology in your team. However you have noticed that many staff are reluctant to adapt their practice and adopt the new technique / technology and you are worried about your project failing to meet its targets. Use one leadership theory and one or two theories related to self-regulation, motivation, communication or organisational change to analyse what might explain staff resistance. Use your chosen theories to analyse how you can support your team to work towards the set targets. Answer: Introduction: With the advancements in the technological fields, the works of human beings have become easier. Technology has helped human beings to be more efficient and complete a task more accurately and at a faster pace in comparison to domains where technologies are not applied. Similarly, in the healthcare industries, different types of technological advancements have been made so that care delivery to patients becomes easier (Nguyen, Belucci and Nguyen 2014). Technologies have been proposed to provide safe care to patients and also to increase patient satisfaction and decrease their stays in the hospitals. Often treatment of different diseases like cancer, chronic kidney disorder and many others have been made easier due to utilization of important instruments like dialyzers, instruments associated with radiotherapy, chemotherapy and many others. Therefore, technology has now become an integrated part of the healthcare industries (Nelson and Staggers 2016). However, there are many professio nals in the healthcare industries who dislike the use of technology. They had criticized that recent technological advancements have reduced the development of proper relationship between the patients, nurses and other professionals. Many also feel demotivated to change their working procedures when new technologies are incorporated in the working environment. Fear, lack of confidence, apathy to change the traditional working style, apathy to change habits and many others become the sole reasons for the creation of issues in workplace (Boonstra, Verslius and Vos 2014). A similar issue was faced by me when as a leader; I tried to implement the electronic health record system in the working facility of the hospital. Several protests from the older nurses had been noted after the implementation of the Electronic health record system which is also called the EHR. Therefore, the assignment will mainly be based on the leadership style that I had adopted in such scenario which helped me to handle my team effectively. Moreover, I will also discuss different theories which I had followed to make them comfortable with the new changed working environment. Ultimately the issue was resolved and smooth flow of work was continued. Rationale for the Necessity of the new technology: An audit conducted in the healthcare center had showed that there had been an increased number of medication errors in the past six months. This has mainly been due to the inability of the nursing professionals to document the record of the patients properly. Often due to improper communication, delegation and incomplete filling up of the documentation record sheets of the patients, inappropriate delegation of care services were taking place. Medication errors, complaints from patients and families and minor accidents have taken place. Therefore the higher authorities wanted to implement a proper system which will reduce the medical errors and will increase the accuracy of the systems. Therefore, I was assigned the duty to properly lead my team through the implementation of the systems and providing proper guidance and training so that they can correctly handle the systems. Importance of HER: The main reason for which I had selected the implementation of the HER in the system is that it provides accurate as well as up to date and complete information about patients at the point of care. It also enables quick access to patient records so that more coordinated and efficient care is provided to them. It also helps in securely sharing electronic information with not only patients but also with other clinicians (Ben-Asuli 2015). Moreover, this system also help providers to more accurately diagnose patients, reduce medical errors an also provide safer care. Besides, improvement in patient as well as provider interaction and communication it also helps in different healthcare convenience. It also ensures safer as well as more reliable prescribing. It also helps in the promoting of legible and complete documentation and accurate billing and streamlined coding (McAlraly et al. 2015). It ensures privacy and security of the different patient data. Another important area where it wou ld be increasingly helpful is that it helps in improving productivity as well as work life balance. It would also enable providers to improve efficiency and also meet their business goals (Sinsky et al. 2014). It also decreases cost through decreased amount of paperwork reducing duplication of testing and improving health. After implementation of the system and calling a meeting to discuss about the changes that would now be incorporated in the environment, I came across several issues. One of the barriers that I faced after the change in the working environment is a large number of behavioral issues from the nursing professionals. Many of the nurses, mainly the veteran nurses exhibited in regards to the perception and satisfaction towards information technology. They were also upset about the time that they would have to spend documenting for the patient information (Englebright, Aldirch and Taylor 2014) They mainly had doubts that whether they would be able to work in a nursing environment with such high level of technology. Although I provided them with reference guides, screenshots and cheat sheets, they were grateful of the new technology and stated that they might not get adapted to the new technology and make mistakes which may harm hospital resources as well as patient lives. A rumor had also c irculated that the procedures are very difficult to handle and the machines may break down at any time. All such rumors had made the environment very tensed and even the new nurses who were initially enthusiastic were now lacking confidence. While some of them complained of the having a hard time in adjusting to electronic charting, there were also many who were filled with anxiety and fear. One such fear discussed by a senior nurse is clicking at the wrong places while working with the computerized charts. They become aggravated when they cannot perform their electronic tasks. Besides, the fear and uncertainty being some of the barriers faced by nurses in the new working protocol, it was also seen that there were many veteran nurses who were reluctant to change their working procedure. They believed that their habits are working fine with the system of the hospitals and therefore there was very little need for new technologies. They were just not ready to accept it as a part of the system. From all these I realized that they were basically suffering from lack of confidence and motivation. The rumors and the negative environment created were making the nurses demotivated (Englebright et al. 2014). These were affecting them physically and mentally and were also interrupting the smooth care delivery of the patients. Hence, it became very important for me to motivate them, to enlighten them about the new technique and help them ponder on the positivity. As a leader is also ha to help them get over their fear and develop skills which would ensure safe care delivery. Leadership styles: I mainly prefer following a transformational leadership styles. In this style of leadership, the leader mainly works with the subordinates in order to identify the proper changes and thereby create visions. He helps the subordinates by guiding them through the changes by properly motivating them and providing inspiration (Kruse et al. 2015). He also believes in executing the changes in tandem with committed members of the group. This type of leadership styles mainly helps to enhance the motivation, morale as well as the job performance of the employee with the help of a number of initiatives (Weng et al. 2015). This leader mainly does so by connecting the team members sense of identity and self to the project. It also helps to align the subordinates with the collective identity of the organization. Development of strong bonds and influencing them with the positive perspectives: Therefore, my main aim would be to first align the nursing professionals to align with the mission and vision of the organization. I have to make them understand that main rationale for implementing the system s that they can appraise the necessity for the technology implemented in the healthcare sector (Frankel and Pcgms 2017). They should be properly made to understand that how these systems would ultimately help in developing the quality of the care that is provided to the patients. They must be made to recognize that how EHR system is ultimately helping them to meet with the main principle of nursing providing safest and best evidence based care to patients (Gillett et al. 2013). At first a proper relationship should be developed with the nurses so that the bonds between me and the nurses become strong and trustworthy. Trust based relationships help in making the working environment smooth and also makes its stress free. Here the team members trust each other and the leaders and thereby communication and productivity get increased. Once trustworthy relationship is developed, I can help them look at the positive aspects of the technology (Lavoie et al. 2016). I can also encourage them to overcome their fear and try their best to adapt to the new working procedure. After the building of strong relationships, my next aim would be to motivate them to try out the new initiatives which they fear to take. They should be motivated to buy and deliver the vision. They should be influenced by giving them enough scopes to participate in the training procedures, in group discussion, in feedback meetings and many others (Grosman and Valiga 2016). The old nurses as well as the new nurses should be influenced about how such changes should not only develop patient care but would make their work much easier. They would also prevent them from developing job stress, mental and physical disabilities and others. Motivational Strategies: Two motivational theories I can use here as the leaders. The first one would be the Hertzbergs Two-Factor Theory. It consists mainly of two important factors. The first are the motivation factors which are actually the factors that lead to satisfaction and motivate employees to accept the changes and work more. I can ensure motivating the employees by making them feel recognized for the successful handling of the EHR, for properly documenting reports and others (Alshemri, Shawn-Akl and Maude 2017). This will motivate the employee and will also encourage the other nurse professionals. I will also look for their career progression for further motivation. The second factors are the hygiene factors which if absent may lead to dissatisfaction and lack of motivation among the employees. These include salary, benefits, company benefits and also relationship with the managers and coworkers (Grossman and Valiga 2016). Therefore I, as a leader would try to develop relationship among the co-wor kers as there remain a health relationship among them. I would also try out new incentive scheme plans for those who would be successfully handling the new technology and would be enthusiastic to learn about them. These would motivate the employees to learn the new techniques. Another motivational theory that can be also used in this context is the Hawthorn effect (Wong et al. 2013). It was named after a series of social experiments on the influence of the physical conditions on productivity at in the 1920s and 30 at Western Electrics factory at Hawthorne, Chicago. The researchers noticed that different factors like lighting, working hours, breaks and others are all important for motivating individuals at work (Hawthorn et al. 2017). Therefore as a leader, I should take initiatives to properly plan about the working hours, breaks, proper work life balance and others. All these would ultimately make them feel that the organization is thinking for the betterment of the nurses and as a result they should also try their best to dedicate themselves for the organization and try to align with their working professionals. Communication in a consistent manner: A change process always remains associated with large amount of confusion. This confusion mainly arises from half heated information distributions, lack of proper knowledge about the change among the subordinates, rumors that spread in the organization and many others, issues also arise where individuals became concerned about their fate in the organization and thereby get anxious about their position. All these make employees feel disoriented as the organization lets o of the old process and embraces new procedures and structures (Mantos et al. 2014). Therefore researchers are of the opinion that transformational leaders in such situation should establish effective communication with every of the team members so that the negative outlooks of the employees could be known. Their issues need to be known clearly by properly communicating with them (Know et al. 2017). Therefore effective communication should be ensured by the leaders to stop the employees form feeling anxious and panicki ng about the new establishments. While communicating with the nurses, I should first empathize with their concerns. Impressing upon them the new procedures without giving scope to the nurses in communicating their feelings may have negative impact on their work and productivity. Therefore, gaining feedbacks form them and then analyzing them and communication they correct strategies and benefits which are necessary (Behnia and Muller et al. 2014). I should implement active listening skills and proper feedback receiving skills so that they can vice their concern. Following them, I will give them proper explanations and empower them in ways by which they would gain confidence to work with the new technology. The main attributes that I will use effectively while communication with both the old and new nurses are effective verbal communication and non verbal communication. Proper listening skills, active negotiations, problem solving, decision making and assertiveness are attributes of c ommunication (Valackiene and Susinene 2013). Therefore all these would be maintained by me to make the nurses develop their confidence. Reinforcing and reminding: A transformational leader does not only have the above mentioned duties. Researchers are of the opinion that reinforcing and reminding are two important attributes which need to be incorporated in the leadership skills while managing change procedures. Although every employees want to see immediate results but it is not possible always. It may take a time for the employees to catch on the new methods. The employees will need to move through a psychological transition. I, as the leader of the team, should not forcibly try to make them align with the situation. In place, it is necessary for them to give the nursing professionals, time so that they can psychologically adjust and thereby gets absorbed in the new working protocol (Goestsch and Davis 2014). However, as a leader I should make sure that the time taken by the nurses to adapt to the new system should not be long enough. For ensuring these, I need to conduct meetings and training sessions in order to make sure that the nurses a re gradually coming out of their old habits and working styles. It should be sneered through the meetings and classes, that they are getting adapted to the current scenarios. Establishing accountability: The leaders have to enforce the strategies taken by them in a proper pace and in proper manner so that the employees do not slip into old patterns once again. Researchers are of the opinion that accountability can be established through metrics and reports. Leaders should need to check in with the subordinates more frequently during the course of launching new technologies in the healthcare centers. The leaders can conduct one to one meetings as well as smaller team meetings. Researchers say that the advantages of the team meetings are that it involves elements of collaboration which evokes an essence that all team members are working together (Belias and Kouste 2014). This has one benefit. There is also an element of peer pressure. Researchers have seen that when everyone of the group gets committed to change, then those resistors of change will also give in due to the pressure to conform to the crowd. I as a transformational leader should be extremely careful while establishing acc ountability. This is mainly because I would never like to create an environment where employees would be asked to police each other. Therefore, establishing accountability will ensure that the nurses would be adhering with the new technology implemented in the working environment which would ensure patient safety. Employee feedback: Another important step that I would take as a transformational leader is to invite proper employee feedback. As the nursing professionals will be going through the change process with their new working procedure, it becomes extremely important for the leaders about how they are perceiving about the systems and whether they are facing any issues or not. The ways by which feedback should be collected from the nurses would be by implementation of the employee suggestion box and also employee surveys at the key checkpoints (Cameron and Green 2015). Moreover, open discussion meetings should also be conducted by me where their issues would be listed and accordingly important initiatives would be taken. Measurement and celebration of progress: When a big goal is to be achieved, it requires time and the nursing professionals may feel that they are not making enough progress. They may think that they may never be able to successfully handle the EHR or would continue making mistakes. In order to prevent such feelings of defeat, it is important for me to measure the progress. This will make the nurses believe that their efforts towards change are making a big difference to the organization and also helping in maintaining patient safety (Alkias et al. 2017). Moreover the focus on the metrics will also create a feeling of teamwork. This will squelch rumors and would help the nurses to overcome fear as well as anxiety about the new processes. Moreover it also becomes important for the leader to celebrate incremental successes as it helps in renewing the staff and also provide proper reward for their efforts. Conclusion: From the entire discussion above, it can be easily understood that any sort of change in working procedure of the organization may result in different types of resistance from the employees. When the new technological advancement of electrical health record was introduced in the healthcare system, the nursing professionals were not comfortable with the change. They were filled with fear, anxiety and lacked confidence. Not only that, they also showed apathy towards the new change as they were reluctant to change their working styles. They gradually started getting demotivated and hence their performance was gradually degrading. Therefore as a transformational leader I had to initiate a number of strategies. After development of a strong bind and trustworthy relationship, they were motivated by introduction of different schemes. Proper communication was carried on so that they can proactively understand the rationale of the introduction of the strategies and the implementation of the t echnology and thereby try their best to adapt to the new scenarios. Besides, I provided them enough time for preparing themselves psychologically at the same time balancing that they are not providing themselves with enough time where they get back to their old habits. Establishing accountability, employee feedback gathering and thereby celebrating small successes also help the teams to adhere properly to the new changes. For proper management of the new changes, effective leadership is required who would ultimately help in stabilizing the unstable situations and help in maintaining smooth workflow. References: Alshmemri, M., Shahwan-Akl, L. and Maude, P., 2017. Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory.Life Science Journal,14(5). 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