Puerto Rico walks away from commonwealth. Essays - Americas

Puerto Rico walks away from commonwealth. I will not pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the republic for which it stands. This must be the words of thousands of Puerto Ricans living in the island today wishing that their small island would once and for all become free from the colonization of the United States. Puerto Rico has been living under U.S. domination for the past 92 years and it's considered the last nation in Latin America that is still living in colonization. Puerto Ricans want to be free and should be allowed to be free; to have the opportunity to vote for the president who sends its young people to war, to have their own currency, to fly one flag in all their schools and finally to feel pride in being an independent nation and not labeled with terms like "territory" and "commonwealth". Bigger and more powerful nations that inhabit smaller nations for various benefits should never deny a nation's culture and roots, instead in these modern times people should be allowed to govern themselves and be independent nations. In the midst of the struggle over status (U.S commonw ealth or Independency) only one clear realization can come of this, Puerto Rico ought to be independent and refuse commonwealth to the United States of America. One of the many benefits citizens from all democratic countries enjoy is the ability to choose their chief in command. As a commonwealth under the United States, Puerto Rican citizens cannot vote during the presidential campaign. They are allowed to participate in presidential primaries but not the final event. This is somewhat of an insult to the younger generation on the island being sent off to fight wars representing the U.S. having been denied the privilege to choose the person who is sending them. As an independent nation Puerto Ricans would have the right to participate in elections choosing who their leader would be. The island does have its own elections where they get to choose who will become governor and other various members of the political cabinet but all of these have limited power in deciding the fate of the island. The Governor is allowed to run the island and handle domestic issues but Washington has the final word. This struggle for power has also affected the economy and the ability to export and carry out trades with other nations; United Sates keeps a tight hold on who the island does business with, ultimately creating a dependent economy. Puerto Rico should be allowed to diversify their sources of capital and their export market something that would strengthen its economy and eliminate the economic dependency that has been created throughout the years. Many in the island believe that independency would allow Puerto Rico to open a broader trading market and as stated by Eric Negron, tax adviser to the independence party, "as an independent nation Puerto Rico could attract foreign investment and it would at the same time be better able to direct what sort of industries is brought to the island." Remaining a commonwealth takes all of these economic privileges away from the people and the government of Puerto Rico who want to see the island's economy soar to a new level. Nations across the world can be proud of their heritage and culture, which makes up their country and it's the backbone to each individual society. A nation's language is a stamp of their history; the DNA that makes up its people. Puerto Rico as a commonwealth could be in danger of losing its national language. Spanish has been the island's national language since the Spanish conquistadors first discovered it in 1492. United Sates wants Puerto Rico to make the change from Spanish to English and demands that both Spanish and English be the national languages; too many schools across the island have already made the transaction and now teach in both languages. Being a Puerto Rican is not being part of an ethnic group or speaking Spanish is not speaking a dialect; these citizens are people who have their own language and roots and deserve the right to conserve their heritage and most important their culture. However, as a person born in

Quebrada Jaguay - Terminal Pleistocene Archaeology

Quebrada Jaguay - Terminal Pleistocene Archaeology Quebrada Jaguay (designated QJ-280 by its excavator) is a multi-component archaeological site, located on an  alluvial terrace within the coastal desert of southern Peru, on the north bank an ephemeral stream near the town of Caman. At the time of its earliest occupation, it was about 7-8 kilometers (4-5 miles) in from the Peruvian coast and today is about 40 meters (130 feet) above sea level. The site was a fishing community, with a Terminal Pleistocene occupation date between about 13,000 and 11,400 calendar years ago (cal BP), based on a large suite of radiocarbon dates. Terminal Pleistocene sites are known in  Andean chronology as Preceramic Period I). The site is one of about 60 sites which have been found along the coast of Peru in this region, but it is the only one containing the Jaguay Phase occupations, and it is the earliest site in the region found to date (as of 2008, Sandweiss). The closest site with the same date is Quebrada Tacahuay, some 230 km (140 miles) to the south. It, like Quebrada Jaguay, is a seasonally-occupied fishing village: and those sites and many others extending from Alaska to Chile support the Pacific Coast Migration Model for the original colonization of the Americas. Chronology Late Preceramic Period, 4000 cal BP, Manos PhaseHiatus, 4000-8000 cal BPEarly Middle Preceramic Period, 8000-10,600 cal BP, Machas PhaseEarly Preceramic Period, 11,400-13,000 cal BP, Jaguay Phase During the Jaguay phase, the site was a seasonally-occupied coastal base camp for hunter-gatherers and fishermen who targeted mostly drum fish (Sciaenae, corvina or sea bass family), wedge clams (Mesodesma donancium), and freshwater and/or marine crustaceans. The occupations apparently were confined to the late winter/early summer months; the rest of the year, the people are believed to have moved inland and hunted terrestrial animals. Based on the size of the fish, the people were net fishing: the Machas phase occupations contain a few specimens of knotted cordage. The only terrestrial animals recovered from the site were small rodents, which were not likely food for the residents. Houses during the Jaguay phase were rectangular, based on the identification of postholes, and contained hearths; the houses were reconstructed several times in the same location but slightly different positions, evidence for seasonal occupations. Food remains and abundant lithic debitage were also recovered, but there were almost no finished tools. Poorly preserved plant remains were restricted to a few prickly pear cactus (Opuntia) seeds. The vast majority of the raw material for the stone tools (lithics) were local, but Alca obsidian identified by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis had been brought from its Pucuncho basin source in the Andean highlands some 130 km (80 mi) away and 3000 m (9800 ft) higher in elevation. Machas Phase The Machas Phase occupation at the site contains neither prickly pear nor obsidian: and during this period there are many more such villages in the region. The Machas phase occupation included several bottle gourd rind fragments; and a single semi-subterranean house, about 5 m (16 ft) in diameter and built with a foundation of mud and stone. It may have been roofed with wood or other organic material; it had a central hearth. The house depression is filled with a shell midden, and the house was also built on top of another shell midden. Archaeological Discovery Quebrada Jaguay was discovered by Frà ©dà ©ric Engel in 1970, as part of his investigations into the preceramic epoch along the coastline. Engel dated charcoal from one of his test pits, which came back to a remarkable 11,800 cal bp, unheard of at the time: in 1970, any site in the Americas older than 11,200 was considered heresy. Excavations were conducted at the site by Daniel Sandweiss in the 1990s, with a team of Peruvian, Canadian and U.S archaeologists. Sources Sandweiss DH. 2008. Early Fishing Societies in Western South America. In: Silverman H, and Isbell W, editors. The Handbook of South American Archaeology: Springer New York. p 145-156. Sandweiss DH, McInnis H, Burger RL, Cano A, Ojeda B, Paredes R, Sandweiss MdC, and Glascock MD. 1998. Quebrada Jaguay: early South American maritime adaptations. Science 281(5384):1830-1832. Sandweiss DH, and Richardson JBI. 2008. Central Andean Environments. In: Silverman H, and Isbell WH, editors. The Handbook of South American Archaeology: Springer New York. p 93-104. Tanner BR. 2001. Lithic Analysis of Chipped Stone Artifacts Recovered from Quebrada Jaguay, Peru. Electronic Theses and Dissertations: University of Maine.

A Google Executive Shares Her Best Advice for Young People

A Google Executive Shares Her Best Advice for Young People Ivy Ross is a tech executive heading up Google’s top-secret wearables division, but she didn’t follow what you might consider a traditional path to get there. She’s been a jewelry designer, with her work appearing in some of the world’s best museums, and she has worked at multiple companies- including both Mattel and Gap Inc.  When she gave a recent Commencement Address at FIT (the Fashion Institute of Technology), Ross explained how it was because of and not in spite of her unorthodox career path that she gained the success and fulfillment she currently enjoys.Here is her best advice for young people  just starting out.Ignore Your EgoAfter Ross’s jewelry designs hit their 12th  major museum and she’d won the De Beers Diamonds International Award, Ross realized her heart just wasn’t in it like it used to be. She’d worked so hard to achieve the kind of recognition she was receiving, but now that she’d attained the hi ghest heights- accomplishments any designer would spend an entire lifetime working towards- she had nowhere else to push herself.Having her ego’s biggest desires met helped Ross to let go of those desires to try and see what other desires lay beneath them. And she found she gained a lot more satisfaction turning her talents to team work and the joy of creating things collaboratively with others.Stop Planning Too Far OutPlans are always necessary in some form or another. But the ubiquitous 5-year plan that everyone insists upon? Ross says ditch it. Could she possibly have predicted 5 years ago, for example, that she’d be spearheading a secret Google project? Of course not. Would she have been too restricted to try had she laid out a stringent 5-year plan in another field? Probably not- and that’s her point.Ross thinks 5-year plans are the way of the past, particularly given the rapid pace at which industries and technologies are changing and how often new opportu nities present themselves. Staying open to different possibilities is difficult, but doing so can shape the most rewarding careers.Appreciate the  Here and NowRoss maintains that following the â€Å"ideal career path† won’t necessarily get you where you want to go. Don’t  take jobs with the question, â€Å"Where will this get me?† in mind. Try asking instead, â€Å"What can I learn here?† or â€Å"Can I do what I do best in this environment?†Take your eye off the end game and ignore the destination. Figure out who you are an what you’re good at, and just follow your heart.

Estimate the five operating expenses for each of the past three fiscal Essay

Estimate the five operating expenses for each of the past three fiscal years, and evaluate what operating leverage, if any, was applied each year - Essay Example According to both financial statements the five costs are Cost of Revenue, Research and Development, Selling General and Administrative Expenses, Non-Recurring and Others. For the sake of simplicity, Cost of Revenue and Selling, General and Administration Expenses would be regarded as Variable Cost and the other expenditure as Fixed Cost. From the Income Statement Extract for 2003 (Fig 2), it is clear that PFIZER operated with a higher degree of operating leverage than GlaxoSmithKline. This is evident in the company's fixed cost percentage as PFIZER's fixed cost position is 2% higher that its competitor. The fact that PFIZER has a substantial amounts of capital tied up in its fixed assets and in particular in Research and Development Expenditure, would account for its higher operating leverage. It should be of no surprise therefore, that PFIZER's Research and Development accounts for over 50% of its total fixed cost. GlaxoSmithKline may have been a little more conservative since its Research and Development Expenditure spans only 5% of its total fixed cost. The strategy therefore would be for PFIZER to reduce its fixed cost percentage and thus enable itself to manage its risks. It has successfully done so in December 2004 (Fig 3) and as a result its operations have expanded by 13%. GlaxoSmithKline, on the other hand, operating income expanded by only 3% despite the reduction of its operating leverage. This is owing to the fact that its revenue of $39 Billion only increased by 3%. Fig 4 According to Fig 4, the Operating Income of GlaxoSmithKline has improved by an additional 4% where as PFIZER fell by 5%. PFIZER operating leverage has increased again and hence would account for the fall in Operating Income by $3 Billion. It was clear that GlaxoSmithKline managed its operating leverage better and hence reduces its risk. Conclusion The question, which may arise, is whether PFIZER is in a better situation than GlaxoSmithKline The truth is "leverage is neither good or bad"(Schmedt May 1998). Each company must assess the amount of risk it is willing to take while striving to achieve its corporate objectives. It is important to understand the company's cost structure to enable management to make effective decisions so that it can compete effectively and achieve the competitive advantage it so desires. References Fred Schmedts, The concept of Operating Leverage : The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation http://www.noble.org/Ag/Economics/OperatingLeverage/index.html Glaxosmithkline PLC Financial Statements December 2003 to December 2005 - Yahoo Finance http://finance.yahoo.com/q/iss=GSK&annual PFIZER Inc Financial Statements December 2003 to December 2005 - Yahoo Finance http://finance.yahoo.com/q/iss=PFE&annual Buccino, Gerald P. and Kraig S. McKinley, "The Importance of Operating Leverage in a Turnaround," Secure Lender (September / October 1997),

The Swedish Climate Scientist - Svante Arrhenius Essay

The Swedish Climate Scientist - Svante Arrhenius - Essay Example Global warming is considered to depend upon two major factors: excessive emissions of carbon dioxide and other 'greenhouse' gases and fluctuations in temperature trends.  During the last decades of the 20th century, global warming was predominantly viewed as one of the numerous side effects of human activity. 99.9% of the overall atmospheric volume belongs to only three gases: nitrogen (78.09%), oxygen (20.95%), and argon (0.93%). However, the climate depends on these three major gases much less than it depends upon the remaining groups of gases that constitute only 0.01% of the Earth's atmosphere. These gases are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and ozone (O3) and they are known as "greenhouse gases or radiatively important trace species (RITS). They are radiatively important because they influence the radiation balance or net heat balance of the Earth" (Hardy, 2003: 3).  For nearly three centuries the mankind has been raising the concentration of carbon dioxide and other 'greenhouse' gases in the atmosphere. Numerous factories, fossil fuel power plants, and vehicles produce astonishing volumes of carbon dioxide; millions of tons of decomposing garbage coupled with a highly increased population of methane-belching cattle result in the release of excessive volumes of methane; nitrogen-containing fertilizers - the cornerstone of contemporary agriculture - raise the concentration of nitrogen oxide.  In figures, the rise seems rather impressive: while the preindustrial concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere did not exceed 280 ppm, these days the concentration of this gas is approximately 370 ppm which corresponds to more than 30 percent increase. The same tendency is observed in the concentration of other greenhouse gases.

The GDP Term Essay Example for Free

The GDP Term Essay GDP should really stand for Grossly Deceptive Product† The Economist What does GDP actually measure? When discussing about the economy of one country, people often talk about â€Å"Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, there are a number of disagreements among economist about the value of GDP. Therefore, this essay will discuss whether or not GDP is an ideal measurement of the development of a nation. It first explores the term GDP and ways to measure it. The essay then compares GDP with Gross National Product (GNP) and Human Development Index (HDI). According to Mankiw (2011), the value of all final goods and services in the market produced within a country in a given time span is defined as GDP. Through this definition, there is only one measure of all the value of the economic activities for a range of products, and both goods and services are included in GDP at their market value. Nevertheless, comparing the value of one product to the other is not always easy, for example it is difficult to say if an orange is more valuable than an apple as different consumers value a good differently. It is important to have criteria to differentiate the value of different goods and services. Hence, the market price was introduced in order to identify the volume of customers who are able to purchase particular products. To measure GDP by using the market value helps to include a wide range of commodities in the market. Not only are common items such as food, clothes and other living necessity but also the housing services included in the market value. By measuring GDP this way, many business activities like market rental housing reflect the market value and become indicators of the market. Moreover, volume of owner-occupied housing can be used to measure the market rental value of a country. Nevertheless, according to Abel et al (2008), although this measurement of GDP encompasses a number of goods and services, it still does not cover some products like which are traded in informal markets. It is ideal that all of the goods and services exiting in the market are reflected through GDP. However, in many cases measuring the value of a number of goods and services in non-market and illegal markets is impossible, this makes measuring GDP more difficult. For instance, although the vegetables consumers buy in supermarkets are included in GDP, the ones that farmers grow in their gardens are not counted in GDP. Moreover, it is obvious that the trade of illegal drugs and other products is not counted in GDP. In addition, manufacturing and trading goods and services often relate to the impact in the environment. However, the benefits of clean air and natural water are not traded in the market; and GDP does not reflect actions to reduce pollution or improve environmental quality. There are three main methods for measuring GDP, namely product approach, expenditure approach and income approach. According to Tucker (2011) the product approach is based on value- added concept; it measures economic activity by summing the value added by all producers. In this product approach, the market value of the goods and services traded in the market are included in the economic activities. Nevertheless, the value which is produced and used up in the intermediate stage of the manufacture process is excluded. The second approach is based on expenditure, it consider GDP from a different angle by including expenditure in national income account. GDP is measured as the total spending of final commodities within a nation during a certain period of time. The spending is categories into four kinds, which added to get the GDP (Y), they are consumption (C), investment (I), government purchase of goods and services (G), and net exports of goods and services, indicating the difference between export and import (NX= X-M). Therefore, GDP by expenditure approach is formulated as follow: Y= C+ I + G+ NX (Brezina, 2012). The third method measuring GDP is the income approach, which takes in to account the income gained by manufacturers, such as profits and taxes paid. There are eight types of national incomes, which are: * Compensation of employees consists of workers’ incomes including salaries, wages, pension plans or other benefits businesses deliver to their employees * Income of Proprietors includes capital income and labor incomes of the non-incorporated self-employed. * People’s Rental income: people who have lands, structures or properties can rent them out and receive an amount of money; this is called rental income. * Corporate Profits: this is the amount of money earned by corporations through their business activities. Corporate profits are the results of corporate revenue after rents, wages and costs deductions. * Net income: is the income of individuals earned from their businesses or paid by businesses or other sources after tax deduction or interest paid. * Taxes on production and imports: this encompasses indirect business taxes * Business current transfer payments (net): these are payments which governments or individuals receive from businesses as charitable donations from insurance payments or translation. It should be notice that these payments are not paid for taxes, wages or service charges. * Current surplus of government enterprises: these are businesses’ profits owned by government including electricity, water, public transportations and so forth. There are three main concepts of GDP, namely nominal GDP, real GDP and GDP deflator. Tucker (2011) defines â€Å"The nominal GDP means that the value of all final goods which based on the prices existing during the time period of production†. It is known as current dollar or money GDP and it increases in three different ways. Firstly, it increases when output rises while prices remain unchanged. Nominal GDP also grows when prices increase while the output is constant. The final way which is seen in the typical case, is that both of output and price rise. A major distinction between nominal and real GDP is to measure the gaps between changes in output and the price level which relate to marketing. When the current dollar GDP of a country increases significantly, it is possible that its productions have enlarged markedly. Nevertheless, it is probably that inflation is increasing, so the prices of goods and services grow accordingly. As for the real GDP, the value of all final products production based on the existing prices in a given year. The real GDP which is measured after taking inflation in to account is also known as constant dollar GDP. A price index used to measure the overall level of prices of goods and services included in GDP is defined as the GDP deflator, which is formulated as: GDP deflator = (Nominal GDP/ Real GDP) x 100. It is a measure of the average level of prices for some specified set of products, proportionate to the prices in a specified based year. Hence, the choice of base year decides the value of real GDP and the GDP deflator. In addition, Brakman et al (2006) suggests the method to calculate the real GDP by the use of the chained volume measure of GDP and to take an average of the variation in price. Another way to measure the status of a national economy is through Gross National Product (GNP) and many governments use it as a standard to measure their economy. Brakman et al 2006 defines GNP as â€Å"the market value of the goods and services, which produced by labor and property of residents of a country†. GNP and GDP are different in that they treat output generated by capital and labours having job outsides its home country differently (Abel et al 2008). While the former takes into account the market value of final goods newly produced by domestic factors of production during the current period, the latter only includes production produced within a country. To illustrate, a Chinese worker working in the US, on one hand his services are part of American GDP, on the other hand they contribute to China GNP. In addition, besides labor services, the difference between GNP and GDP also hold for many factors of production like capital. The differentiation between them is calculated as in the formula: GDP= GNP- NFP. Abel et al referred NFP as â€Å"net factor payments from abroad, which to be income paid to domestic factors of production by the rest of the world minus income paid to foreign factors of production by domestic economy†. However, in reality the value of GDP is similar to that of GNP. For example, British GDP was only 0.2% lower than its GNP, $ 1415 billion compared with $ 1417 billion. That is a reason why only two countries out of thirty six having an income level of over $ 100 billion differentiate GDP and GNP. Though the argument whether GNP or GDP is an ideal measurement of national development is debatable, both of the measures still cannot cover many other aspects of the national economy. There are a number of drawbacks pointed out. For instance, it is difficult to set up the best criteria to measure standard of living, quality of goods and services provided the economy activities in shadow economy, welfare issues, income inequality and the negative externality issue (Brezina, 2012). As a result, it is possible that in a country with high GDP not every people live in high standard or benefit form that high GDP. Regarding to the case of China, the China GDP demonstrates approximately equal market value to that in the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, China GDP per capita according to current prices is 19 times lower than that of the UK, indicating a relatively huge gap in GDP per capita between the two nations. Likewise, Australia and India have the same situation as that between China and the UK. Both of these countries have nearly the same level of GDP; on the other hand, GDP per capital of Australia is 46 times greater than that of India. In terms of PPP, the number of goods and services purchased with a unit of each country’s currency is measured by this indicator. PPP takes into consideration the differences in price levels of different goods and different demand patterns in different countries. In PPP calculation approach, the amount of disposal income per capita in the UK is just seven times higher than that in China. Similarly, the amount of disposal income per capital in Australia is just 17 times larger than that in India. By PPP indicator, income gaps between countries are much narrower than those calculated by GDP per capital indicator. It should be noticed that the increase in GDP trend when it is measured by the government is not always a positive sign. GDP increases could be resulted from either economic development or inflation. Therefore, in the case that GDP increase because of inflation then the increase in GDP does not lead to the increase in living standard; alternatively, it would remain the same. Furthermore, According to Abel et al., (2008), there are a number of trades are excluded from GDP such as illegal transactions with drugs, smuggling or other business activities which are not declared formally on documents. Therefore, the total amount of GDP is somewhat flawed when it only could measure formal and legal economic activities which are demonstrated under formal documents. In a number of countries including Nigeria, Bolivia and Switzerland, informal business activities under shadow economy account for a considerable amount of percentage of total GDP. Nigeria, Bolivia and Switzerland had 77%, 67% and 9% of GDP of those activities in the shadow respectively. The definitions of GDP are flawed; thus, there has not any comprehensive definition for GDP. Therefore, According to Robert Kennedy† â€Å"The GDP measures neither our wit nor our courage, neither our wisdom nor our learning, neither our compassion nor our devotion to the country. It measures everything, in short, except that which makes life worth living† (Robert Kennedy) Although GDP indicates average income level in a country functioning as navigation for living standard, it does not what it is spent on. Generally, HDI (Human Development Index) has a huge gap with GDP. HDI is regarded as a valid measure of a nation’s progress; it is the result of the average value of the three indices called educational attainment, longevity and income (Karalay, 2005, p.214). Furthermore, there has been a major concern about inequality in income, which facing the position of GDP. China can be used as a typical example since the richest 10% income is 18.4 times than the 10% poorest. Ultimately, measuring GDP failed in addressing the cost of negative externality and the value of leisure; actually, these factors are ignored in GDP. Thus, the calculation of GDP is based on the assumption that most of population just does business activities. Moreover, it is hard to quantify the cost of environment. Although the increase in GDP indicates the development of an economy, factors such as air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution and annoy are not taken into account in calculating GDP. Environment has been come a major issue for the new generation, who have been attempting to protect the environment, which are under a great deal of damage. Therefore, the concept of â€Å"Green† GDP has been introduced. Leisure life, a crucial indicator of social and economic welfare was not counted in GDP. In order to increase GDP, people, workers and employees often have to increase their working hours, thus, reduce their leisure time. The value of leisure is hard to be measured but it is also regarded as services and goods expected by the people in a country. GDP often excludes leisure activities. For example, in Taiwan, government imposes the policy which allows workers to have two days off at weekend. Although this policy would increase cost of employers, it would increase social welfare in general. Because of incomprehensiveness, GDP is unable to provide people a thorough picture of a national economy such as living standard, social welfare and so on. GDP is actually just a number given by government in order to demonstrate its people that government is working hard for the prosperity of a nation. GDP measures have been facing a large number of limitations. According to the economist Joseph Stiglitz, there should be another measurement. Hence, he introduced the concept Gross Deceptive Product in the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress report in 2009. In this report, limitations in measuring GDP is emphasized; then additional information needed for the introduction of more comprehensive indications is presented. The report also evaluates the feasibility of alternative measurement tools of GDP. In addition, the report introduced twelve improvements in the ways to measure economic development. For example, income and consumption should be assessed rather than production; household perspective, income and consumption should be emphasized together with wealth broaden income measure to non-market activities and so forth. Despite a great deal of flaw, GDP has contributed greatly in measuring the development of a country as well as providing important information for foreign investment and immigration. Nevertheless, GDP is not a perfect statistic since it is unable to demonstrate living standard and social welfare. GDP is just can general information of national wealth and income. Reference Abel A B, Bernanke B S and Crouchore D (2008), Macroeconomics, 6th Ed, Pearson Education Inc, Boston Brakman S, Garretsen H, Marrewijk C V and Witteloostuijn A V (2006), National and Firms in the Global: An Introduction of International Economics and Business, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Brezina C (2012), Understanding the Gross Domestic Product and the Gross National Product, The Rosen Publishing Group Inc, New York Karalay G N (2005), Integrated approach to rural development: policies, programmes and strategies, Concept Publishing Company, India Mankiw N G (2011), Principles of Economics, Cengage Learning, USA Tucker I B (2011), Macroeconomics for Today, 7th Ed, South- Western Cengage Learning, USA

ear and throught disease :: essays research papers

Name: Terrean Robinson ID#: 28990809 Course: Microbiology Describe the major emerging and reemerging pathogens and disease (since 1980) and the consequence of these for healthcare system.(Include epi.&mechanism for origin of diseases) There are several emerging and reemerging diseases since the 1980. Emerging infectious disease results from newly identified and previously unknown infections, which cause public health problems locally and internationally. An emerging disease can be cause by a virus, a bacterium, a fungus, a protozoan and a helminth. Emerging disease associated with viruses since the 1980 are T-cell lympoma-leukemia,Toxic shock syndrome, Heamhorrhagic colitis; heamolytic ureamic syndrome, Hairy cell leukemia, lyme disease, AIDS, Peptic ulcer disease,Venezuelan haemorrhagic fever, Conjunctivitis, disseminated disease ,cholera,Cat scratch disease;bacillary angimatosis, Brazilian heamorrhagic fever, Hepatitis,New Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Influenza. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first isolated in 1983. It is estimated that since the start of the epidemic 30.6 million people worldwide have become HIV infected and nearly 12 million ha ve died from AIDS or AIDS-related diseases. Hepatitis C, identified in 1989, is now known to be the most common cause of post-transfusion hepatitis worldwide, with approximately 90 per cent of cases in Japan, the United States and Western Europe. Up to 3 per cent of the world population is estimated to be infected; 170 million are chronic carriers at risk of developing liver cirrhosis and/or liver cancer. Sin nombre (i.e., an unnamed) virus was isolated from cases of a local outbreak of a highly fatal respiratory disease. This was done in the southern United States in 1993. It has subsequently been diagnosed in sporadic cases across the United States, Canada and several South American countries. Influenza A (H5N1) virus is a well-known pathogen in birds, but was first isolated from humans in 1997. Its emergence initially suggested the next influenza pandemic but, in the event, the virus transmitted poorly and the spread of the virus appeared to have been contained in 1997.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are also some emerging diseases that are associated with bacteria these include: Legionella pneumophillai, Escherichilia coli, Borellia burgdorferi, Vibrio cholorae. Legionella pneumophilia was detected in 1977. The bacterium resulted in an outbreak of severe pneumonia in a convention center in the United States in 1976 and it has since been associated with outbreaks linked to poorly maintained air conditioning systems. Escherichia coli O157:H7: Detected in 1982, this bacterium is typically transmitted through contaminated food and has caused outbreaks of haemolytic uraemic syndrome in North America, Europe and Japan.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of slow food and fast food?

The expression ‘slow food' has recently been used in opposition ‘fast food'. What are the advantages and disadvantages of both types of food? Do you think that cooking is an important part of life or a waste of time? How do you feel about the arrival of multinational restaurants like McDonald's? What should people eat to be healthy? What have you heard of organic food that is becoming increasingly popular in Europe? Do you eat properly? It is true that a lot of people today prefer eating takeaways and fast food to traditional, home-cooked food, which is often called ‘slow food'. Fast food chains like McDonalds are opening up in every nook and corner of the world, attracting people of all ages, especially the children and youth. Fast food restaurants are extremely popular because people are always in a hurry, so they head towards fast food restaurants to save their time. Quickness, cheapness, convenience, and good taste of food are main reasons that determine the popularity of fast food restaurants. I don't see anything bad in them unless eating there becomes a habit. I think that eating fast food is problematic for a number of reasons. Firstly, in today's fast paced life, it might be very convenient to buy food that is ready to eat, fast food restaurant can serve you a meal within 10 minutes and after finishing your meal, you do not waste your time doing the washing-up. Saving your time is an evident advantage of fast food. But because the food is already cooked and needs to last longer, it will contain preservatives and additives. These substances are usually artificial and some people are allergic to them. Secondly, fast food might be tasty, but if you eat a lot of fast food and takeaways, you are probably not eating a very balanced diet. This is because many types of fast food and takeaways contain a lot of fat and not much fibre. Sodas and burgers are high in fat, sugar and salt. They provoke obesity, diabetes, and other chronic illnesses. A piece of fish that is fried and a large portion of chips are not as good for you as steamed fish and rice, for example. In addition, people who eat a lot of fast food and takeaways are not learning to cook at home. I think cooking is an important part of life, it is not only what you do to make a meal, it is also a creative and social skill. It is fun to learn to make a meal with a friend or member of the family. It can also make you feel good if you cook a good meal for other people. The advantages of slow food are evident. It is much healthier than fast food, and therefore, people can enjoy eating their meals without thinking of health problems. Nevertheless, slow food has some disadvantages. It needs a lots of time until it is ready. For instance, you should wait for several hours in order to have a ready home-made meal or you may not find all the ingredients you need in one grocery and have to look in several groceries until you find all the ingredients. And, of course, slow food requires some cooking skills. What should people eat to be healthy? A healthy diet must be composed of foods that provide your body with the vitamins and minerals it needs to function. Dairy products, such as cheese and yogurt, whole grains, lean meat and fish are essential components of a balanced diet. To keep our diet healthy we should include plenty of fruits and vegetables and limit the use of products made of white flour. Eating smaller servings of food more frequently instead of three large meals is preferable. We should include healthy monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats from olive oil, almonds and salmon and limit salt and sugar. More and more people today are switching to organic food that is food grown under natural conditions (without the use of inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, or herbicides; and either not processed, or processed without the use of additives). It is better in quality than conventional food and as a result is higher in price. However, organic food is becoming popular in spite of the higher prices. As for me, I can't say I eat properly. I am a student. I have to get up early and need to hurry not to be late for my classes. As a result I skip breakfast. I have a bite later at the University cafeteria. Usually it consists of sugary snacks, pastry, potato chips, sausages and salads with mayonnaise. My meals are not complete without sugary drinks such as carbonated fruit beverages, sweetened coffee or tea. I know that it isn't good for me but I can't help it. I can't go to the canteen to have lunch because of short breaks between the lessons. The study suggests that I am very likely to grab food. I lack the time to cook myself a decent meal due to the amount of studying required. So I am an unhealthy food eater.

Co-Education

Argumentative essay – Separate-Gender Classes in Co-Ed School is the best solution to the situation Nowadays, many parents are worrying about the amount of distractions that exist in co-ed schools, which directly affect their children's academic performance. This is simply due to the fact that there are chemical reactions when different genders spend time together. Consequently, there are a number of negative effects, for example, achieving bad academic performance and inappropriate relationship for children.While it cannot be denied that this issue will not disappear soon, I have analyzed two long run solutions. The first is assigning students in single-sex school and the other one is allocating them in single-sex classes in co-ed school. The second solution means putting all girls in one classroom and all boys in another, while they are in the same school. In the following essay, I will explain why assigning students in single-sex classes in co-ed school is the best solution to solve the issue that parents are worrying about.One point which I consider to be absolutely vital is the balance of subject-liking preference for both girls and boys. In other words, there are gender-typical subject preferences in both education systems: Single-sex school and Co-ed school. A British researcher has carried the research based on the attitudes of the students toward different subjects. â€Å"Students at co-ed schools tended to have gender-typical subject preferences: boys at co-ed schools liked math and science and did NOT like drama or languages, whereas boys at single-sex schools were more interested in drama, biology and languages.Likewise, girls at girls-only schools were more interested in math and science than were girls at co-ed schools† (Stables. 1990). Brian Walsh, who has been a principal at both boys' schools and co-ed schools, also made the observation: â€Å"Boys ordinarily do not even try to sing in a co-ed school, whereas they love choral sin ging in a boys' school; in the co-ed setting they make fun of French pronunciation, whereas in the single-sex setting they enjoy becoming fluent in French† (Riesman, 1990).There are gender-typical subject preferences in both single-sex schools and co-ed schools. However, this issue can be balanced by combining the ideas of single sex classes and co-ed school together in one school. In order words, implementing separated gender classes within a mixed gender school can actually balance the issue of subject-liking preference. There is a research carried by University of Cambridge can prove that separating students for some subjects help them to concentrate and improve their exam grades in the classes.Many girls and boys feel more at ease in such classes, feel more able to interact with learning and to show real interest without inhibition, and often achieve highly in all the performance† (‘Separate class needed for boys', 2005). Specifically, if we apply the second so lution to the school system – putting girls in one classroom and boys in another classroom in co-ed school, there are no or less gender-typical subject preferences. Different genders will try hard on the subjects that they don’t prefer to study as in co-ed school and in single sex school.For example, boys will be more likely to sing in the class and will also like mathematics and science as well as drama, biology and languages. Therefore implementing separated gender classes within a mixed gender school can not only balance the issue of subjects-liking preference, but also allowing children to become more well-rounded students, which I believe this is something most parents hope to see. There is less interaction between genders in a single sex school, which means it has less distraction for students than co-ed schools.However, in terms of social life, less interaction from different genders means less practical social abilities in daily life in single sex school. In or der to reduce this problem, a separate-gender classroom in a co-ed school system is the ideal solution. Therefore another benefit of having single-gender classroom within a co-ed school system is the self-development of students’ social skills. As in single-sex school, since all peers are girls in girls’ schools and all classmates are boys in boys’ schools, there is no interaction between different genders inside the school in daily life.Ruben A. Gaztambide-Fernandez, an assistant professor at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education at the University of Toronto, has mentioned that â€Å"Single sex schools shelter the opportunity of social behaviors from students. †(Aschaiek, 2012). On the other hand, many people think that the interactions between male and female students are too frequent in co-ed schools, which may cause unexpected and complicated relationships. In my personal opinion, it is true that there is not enough cross-gender interaction i n single sex schools and there is too much interaction in co-ed schools.Therefore, In order to balance to the interactions between different genders to maintain a considerate relationship and healthy social life, applying the second solution of separate-gender classrooms in co-ed school is the best alternative to this issue. This could be further explained by increasing the activities between different genders in their break time after the separate-gender classes in co-ed schools. To sum up, even though single sex schools have many other advantages for children to study, separate-gender classes in co-ed school is still the best alternative to solve the worry from the parents.It may not only improve children’s academic performance, but also help their social abilities to be more confident in dealing with any problem in a relationship. More importantly is that girls at the separate-gender classroom have less stereotyped thoughts about the role of a woman. Co-Education – A Detailed Essay Co-education means the education of boys and girls together. In our country there is co-education in some college and schools, in most colleges and school there is separate education for boys as well as for girls. Co-education has remained controversial issue in our country.Some people are in favour of this system and want to introduce it in all schools and colleges. They say that this system is very useful. They give many arguments in its favour. Their main argument is that in poor and backward country like Pakistan it is impossible to maintain separate institutions. Therefore co-education should be opened to girls also. The supporters of co-education also say that in progressive society men and women should come closer co-education would provide an opportunity to the young men and women to understand each other. This would be very helpful for them in future life.It would also be good for the progress of the country raise the standard of education. Because it will promote competition among boys and girls. In fact the supporters of co-education are talking of its benefits in such a manner, if it is only road to heaven. A little thought would expose the hollowness of these arguments. Everyone who has visited even a couple of colleges and schools knows that all of our institutions are frightfully over crowded. The girls’ schools and colleges too are over-crowded. Hundreds of new educational institutions are needed. It some of these are reserved for girls, it would not cost more to government.If number of girl’s students were small then the consideration of economy would have been partly valid. The second argument is also not valid if young men and women can’t understand each other in their homes and families, then they would not be able to do so in the school or college. Why that one is feels that one can understand the opposite sex only if one meets one’s neighbours daughter. The system of co-education will not raise the standard of education. Temptation of flirting is strongest than the urgent reading text books co-education will create many problems not only for the students but also for teachers.Temptation does not distinguish between the students and the teacher. The real reason why some people support co-education is that they like western culture. They want to be more English than English because west has co-education so they must have it. But we have to consider whether our religion, our culture and our circumstances allow us to adopt co-education. I can say that they certainly not allow us to adopt such system. If co-education is inevitable one would agree to it. But it is not a necessary evil. And there is no reason that we should patronize everything with foreign name.If it is necessary we should adopt it only at elementary level while at secondary level and higher secondary level there should be separate system of education. By adopting this system at secondary and higher secondary l evel we will only be able to promote vulgar-ness in our society. Essay on Co-Education System Co-education is a system of educating boys and girls together. In ancient times, co-education was prevalent in Greece. Today, this system of education is there in almost all the countries of the world. It is economical. It generates a spirit of comradeship between boys and girls.The problem of shortage of trained teachers can be dealt with by this system. Boys overcome their curiosity and girls, their shyness. They learn to respect one another. Though a few conservative people are against this system, their views do not hold ground. Co-education generates harmonious relationship, a sense of co-operation, and thus, helps in the progress of the nation. Co-education is a system of educating boys and girls together. In ancient times, co-education existed in Sparta in Greece. There was no discrimination between boys and girls. They studied and played together.Along with academic education, physi cal training was also given to both the sexes. Plato, the Greek philosopher, believed that co-education helped in the development of personality of both men and women and created a feeling of comradeship among them. He felt that co-education was the only method to make both men and women useful members of society. Hence, in the west, the importance of co-education has been felt since ancient times. In early Vedic Society (Ancient India), co-education was prevalent in a few places. But gradually female education began to be ignored.Moreover, the system of education was quite different from that of today. The boys stayed in Gurukuls, for the whole educational period. There they received both in academic education and physical training. The former included the study of the scriptures and the latter, training in warfare. Girls were not sent to the Gurukuls, and thus were deprived of the benefits of education. In medieval India, those belonging to lower castes and the womenfolk were not allowed to attend schools or study the scriptures. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, great social reformer and scholar, fought against this practice and succeeded in his mission.His job was further carried on by other social reformers. Today, co-education is prevalent in almost all the countries of the world. In India, there are a number of co-educational schools, colleges and universities. There are a number of advantages in the co-educational system of education. It is economical. Poor countries cannot afford to open separate schools for boys and girls. If boys and girls are taught together in the same school, then there will be no need to open separate schools for them. Thus, the cost to be incurred on building infrastructure, furniture, stationery, personnel recruitment, etc. will be saved.There is a shortage of good trained teachers in developing countries like India. If there is co-education, same staff can teach both boys and girls at the same time in the same class, and the problem of sho rtage can be dealt with. Establishing more of co-educational schools can help in spreading literacy even with the limited teaching staff and infrastructure. Thus, it will be beneficial for both boys and girls and the nation as a whole. Co-education helps the boys and girls to intermingle and understand each other well. They become more broad-minded and tolerant towards the opposite gender.They interact freely with one another, thereby overcoming hesitation and shyness. Thus, co-education leads to a healthy and harmonious relationship between boys and girls. In a co-educational school, boys are free to meet and talk with girls. They develop a feeling of friendship among themselves. Boys then, usually don't indulge in eve-teasing. Co-education contributes to the balanced development of the personality of boys and girls. A new study has revealed that the co-educational schools are better as the presence of girls in classes restrains boys from indulging in unruly behavior and improves t heir academic performance.Infect, a higher percentage of girls not only lowers the amount of classroom disruption but also fosters a better relationship between students and their teachers. The researchers found that classes with more than 55% of girls resulted in better exam results and less violent outbursts overall. Boys with more female peers in their classes showed higher enrolment rates in both advanced mathematics and science classes, but overall benefits were found in all grades for both sexes. They conclude that this effect is due to the positive influence, the girls are adding to the classroom environment.Infect the study found that primary school classrooms with a female majority showed increased academic success for both boys and girls. In the middle and high schools, the classrooms which had the best academic achievements overall were consistently those that had a higher proportion of girls enrolled. The researchers suggest that boys and girls may learn differently, but it is better not to send them to sex-segregated schools. Boys become conscious of their dressing habits, behavior and the style girls. They work hard to remain ahead of one another.Co-education reduces gender bias in the society. It generates a feeling of equality between both and sexes. The feeling of male dominance may be wiped out from the society if this system of education is given importance. However, some people are opposed to the system of co-education. According to them, this system is against the Indian culture and tradition. It is also argued that girls feel freer in an institution which is meant only for girls. As such they have greater scope of developing their personality. They also participate in sports, dramatics and debates more freely.Teachers of some subjects like Biology also find it easier to explain some chapters more thoroughly if only girls or only boys are sitting in the class. Sex education has also been introduced and in co-educational schools even teache rs find it difficult to discuss such topics in the class. It is also felt that since students (especially teenagers 13-19 years of age) are of impressionable age, the possibility of their going astray is much more in co-educational institutions, where they enjoy more freedom of intermingling with the other sex. They also do not remain focused on studies.It should be acknowledged that in the fast changing society of twenty first century co-education has to become the order of the day. Today girls are entering all professions in large numbers. Many of them are heading big organizations. Co-education will help young boys and girls to mix freely and understand one another better. Today's children are tomorrow's citizens. We must encourage them to develop their personality in a free healthy atmosphere. Girls no more have to remain confined to the four walls of the house. Co-education will help both sexes to learn and work together for the progress of the country.

Real Pirate Quotations

Real Pirate Quotations Note: These are real quotations from actual pirates during the Golden Age of piracy, which lasted roughly from 1700 to 1725. If youre looking for modern quotations about pirates or quotations from movies, youve come to the wrong place, but if youre looking for authentic historical quotations from historys greatest sea-dogs, read on! Anonymous Pirate (Context) When asked on the gallows if he repented. Yes, I do heartily repent. I repent I had not done more mischief; and that we did not cut the throats of them that took us, and I am extremely sorry that you arent hanged as well as we. (Johnson 43) Bartholomew Black Bart Roberts In an honest service there is thin commons, low wages, and hard labor; in this, plenty and satiety, pleasure and ease, liberty and power; and who would not balance creditor on this side, when all the hazard that is run for it, at worst, is only a sour look or two at choking. No, a merry life and a short one, shall be my motto. (Johnson, 244) (Translation: In honest work, the food is bad, the wages are low and the work is hard. In piracy, there is plenty of loot, its fun and easy and we are free and powerful. Who, when presented with this choice, would not choose piracy? The worst that can happen is you can be hanged. No, a merry life and a short one shall be my motto.) Henry Avery (Context) Informing Captain Gibson of the Duke (who was a notorious drunkard) that he was taking over the ship and going pirate. Come, dont be in a fright, but put on your clothes, and Ill let you into a secret. You must know that I am Captain of this ship now, and this is my cabin, therefore you must walk out. I am bound to Madagascar, with a design of making my own fortune, and that of all the brave fellows joined with me...if you have a mind to make one of us, we will receive you, and if youll turn sober, and mind your business, perhaps in time I may make you one of my Lieutenants, if not, heres a boat alongside and you shall be set ashore. (Johnson 51-52) Edward Blackbeard Teach (Context) Before his final battle Damnation seize my soul if I give you quarters, or take any from you. (Johnson 80) (Translation: Ill be damned if I accept your surrender or surrender to you.) Blackbeard Lets jump on board, and cut them to pieces. (Johnson 81) Howell Davis (Context) Dissolving his alliance with pirates Thomas Cocklyn and Olivier La Buse Hark ye, you Cocklyn and la Bouche, I find by strengthening you, I have put a rod into your hands to whip myself, but I am still able to deal with you both; but since we met in love, let us part in love, for I find that three of a trade can never agree. (Johnson 175) Bartholomew Roberts (Context) Explaining to his victims that he was under no obligation to treat them kindly or fairly. There is none of you but will hang me, I know, whenever you can clinch me within your power. (Johnson 214) Black Sam Bellamy (Context) To a Captain Beer, apologizing after his pirates had voted to sink Beers ship after looting it. Damn my blood, I am sorry they wont let you have your sloop again, for I scorn to do anyone a mischief, when it is not for my advantage. (Johnson 587) Anne Bonny (Context) To Calico Jack Rackham in prison after he had decided to surrender to pirate hunters instead of fight. I am sorry to see you here, but if you had fought like a man, you neednt be hanged like a dog. (Johnson, 165) Thomas Sutton (Context) A captured member of Roberts crew, when told by a fellow pirate that he hoped to make it into Heaven. Heaven, you fool? Did you ever year of any pirates going thither? Give me hell, its a merrier place: Ill give Roberts a salute of 13 guns at entrance. (Johnson 246) William Kidd (Context) Upon being sentenced to hang. My Lord, it is a very hard sentence. For my part, I am the innocentest person of them all, only I have been sworn against by perjured persons. (Johnson 451) About These Quotations All of these quotations are directly taken from Captain Charles Johnsons A General History of the Pyrates (page numbers in parentheses refer to the edition below), written between 1720 and 1728 and considered one of the most important primary sources on piracy. Please note that I have made minor cosmetic changes to the quotations such as updating to modern spelling and removing capitalization of proper nouns. For the record, it is unlikely that Captain Johnson actually heard any of these quotations directly, but he did have good sources and it is fair to assume that the pirates in question said, at some point, something reasonably like the quotations listed. Source Defoe, Daniel (Captain Charles Johnson). A General History of the Pyrates. Edited by Manuel Schonhorn. Mineola: Dover Publications, 1972/1999.

Analysis of Target Market of Woolworths Limited - Free Samples

Explain Of Target Market of Woolworths Limited? Woolworths Limited is of the leading company of the Australia that is also known as Woolworths Supermarkets. The company provides various retail products and services to their customers at the reasonable price as compare to others. In addition to this, it is also important to know that, the company is also use target market strategy to promote and sell their products in the market (Woolworths Limited. 2017). For example, mainly, Woolworths is targets the high income earners customers in the market in order to maximize the level of profit. In addition to this, the company is also targets the people of all the age groups in the Australia those require quality products. Moreover, it is also accessed that, in order to target the customers, the company considers several segmentation characteristics of the customers including demographic, psychographic, geographical, and behavioral factors. Â  For instance, the company considers demographic factors in order to target their customers and s ell the product. As per the demographic characteristics, Woolworths is targeting their customers on the basis of customer’s age, income level, educational level, gender, employment status, saving patterns etc. This strategy is helping the company in targeting a specific class of customers (Pride, Hughes, and Kapoor, 2014) On the other hand, based on the psychographic characteristics, the company Woolworths involves various factors associated with the target customers such as: personality traits, lifestyles, attitudes, expectations, activities, values, opinions, interests, lifestyles. By characterizing these factors about the customers, the company design and provides products in the market in order to satisfy all the needs and wants of their customers in an effective and proper manner. Along with this, it is also found that, Woolworths is also characterized their customers or target market by considering several geographical factors including local, state, regional or national marketplace segment. This method allows the company to effectively and properly provide the products at the right time at the right place. In addition to this, geographical factors are also help the company to reach the customers (Mooij, 2010). At the same time, the behavioral factors are also involved when the company targets its customers from the market. For example, as per this, the company targets the customers on the basis of product usage rates, brand loyalty, user status etc. This is also helping the company to make more profit from the market. On the basis of these characteristics of customers, it can be said that, Woolworths Limited is making and creating their marketing strategies, tactics and methods in order to attain strategic organizational goals and objectives effectively. In the same way, the company is targets their consumers on the basis of these characteristics or factors and offers the products and services based on these factors. Overall, it can be said that, Woolworths Limited is creating products, differentiation, and target market, marketing and other business strategies based on these features or characteristics of the customers that allowed the company to effectively target the customers (Lancaste r, and Massingham, 2010) Lancaster, G. and Massingham, L. (2010). Essentials of Marketing Management. UK: Taylor & Mooij, M.D. (2010). Global Marketing and Advertising: Understanding Cultural Paradoxes. Pride, W., Hughes, R. and Kapoor, J. (2014) Foundations of Business (4th ed.). USA: Cengage Woolworths Limited (2017). About Us. Available At: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/ {Accessed on: 20 May 2017}

Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Love - Essay Example It can be used to define the compassion and affection which is shown to other human beings, animals, or oneself. Love for people, or interpersonal love, is the love that is formed between human beings who have a close relationship. One of the most prominent forms of this type of love is that which exists between different family members. Family, to most people, is one of the most valuable things in their lives, and this is because of the blood relationship which exists between the people within it. The family is the first place where an individual experiences an interaction with society, and because family tends to be the most constant part of a person’s life, then it is a definite fact that love will develop between the various members of the family. Love for family also creates a sense of extreme loyalty, and this is  because  blood ties cannot be easily broken. The love for friends is another part of interpersonal love, and this is to those people who are closest to an individual apart from the family. Friends tend to, not only, be the closest companions of an individual, but they are also some of this individual’s closest confidants. The love, which exists between friends, depends on how close their relationship is because while in some cases friendships last for an extraordinarily long time, in others, this tends not to be the case. The long term friendships always involve an immense deal of love between the people involved, and, in fact, these people can do anything for each other whenever there is any need for it. Another form of interpersonal love is that which exists between people in a relationship, that is, a boyfriend and a girlfriend, or a man and a wife. Such relationships tend to have a vast deal of love within them, and if this display of affection stops, then such relationships tend to fall apart ("The Definition of Love"). Love is, therefore, essential for the establishment of strong relationships, and these relationships can not last without it. Many people have a love for certain principles or goals which they profoundly value and are highly committed. Such activities are always extremely valuable to such individuals, and they involve an immense deal of dedication. With this dedication comes a love for this activity, with a person rarely missing the opportunity to take part in it. One of the activities which many people love and have a strong dedication for is soccer. Soccer is one of the biggest sports in the world with many fans who either watch it or play the game for fun. People bear a passionate love for this game and it is not strange to see people crying just because their team has lost a game (Tucker 1). There are others who are exceedingly fond of eating different types of food, and to deny them such would be the same as denying them an immensely crucial part of their lives. There are yet others, who bear a veritable love for their studies and their careers, and these often love what they do, not only for their own sake, but also for the sake of how their work affects society. Those with careers at aid organizations love their jobs because of the satisfaction they get when they help people in need. The other form of love is abstract love, and this involves the feeling of affection for certain concepts or ideas. Abstract love may involve a love for religion, and in many parts of the world, religion tends to be a part and parcel of a person’