Bioweapons Essay - 1439 Words

Imagine a terrorist without any guns or bombs. Would he or she be considered a real terrorist? The answer is yes; anyone who threatens or endangers the lives of others are terrorists, even those who utilize bacteria and viruses rather than other usual weapons. When people use biological weapons as terrorism, that act is called a bioterrorism. Unfortunately, this actions have been repeated throughout the history, as well as in modern days. They can in fact be far more dangerous than actual weapons. Throughout the past, bioweapons have been used in wars. Such war strategies included throwing carcasses into the enemies castles or forts, which caused terrible spread of diseases. As the world enters the modern age, these pathogens can be†¦show more content†¦As United States stopped the use of bioterrorism, other countries followed and promised to prohibit the use of these weapons. Ironically, United States broke the promise and built bioweapons for defense, wasting millions of d ollars. Another member in making of bioweapons is Russia. Russias most preferred germ was Bacillus anthracis, which caused a deadly disease called anthrax. Russia also had made deadly progresses such as improving bubonic plagues resistance to vaccines and antibiotics, which can be an one deadly germ. They have also made a weapon out of smallpox, one of the deadliest diseases like botulism. Not only that, they also tried to develop bioweapons out of Marburg, a disease with no treatment. There development of weapons made of Legionnaires disease bacteria, Ebola, tularemia contributed to the cause United States initially developed biological weapons. (215) However, after the fall of communism, bio-weaponry disappeared. The final threatening producer of bioweapons in the world is Iraq. At first, United States American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) provided Iraq with varieties of germs, since they were considered allies, but as Iraq was suspected of creating bioweapons, U.S. stopped prov iding. Although Iraqs source of germs were blocked off, they were still capable of getting the sources. It has been found that Iraq has beenShow MoreRelatedBrutality of Bioterrorism and Biowarfare Essays1623 Words   |  7 Pagesprotect the liver from toxins; however, the seeds of the plant are lethal, and as little as 500 micrograms of the seed can potentially kill an adult; consequently, it is ranked as a class B biological weapon (Safety). Class C, the lowest priority of bioweapon, have the potential be highly morbid, but have yet to be engineered by man to do so. The rabies virus, a virus usually transmitted from dogs to humans, is an example of a Class C germ. In addition to rabies, sexually transmitted diseases are rankedRead MoreAnthrax And Its Effects On Humans1231 Words   |  5 Pagesanimal and human vaccines, it also led to the its use as a bioweapon. During World War I, came the first documentation of anthrax being used as a bioweapon by the infection of animals being traded to the allied troops (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). Japan studied the effects of anthrax on prisoner and Chinese populations in the 1930s (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). Responding to the possible bioweapon attacks in World War II, the United States and Great BritainRead MoreBiological Agent Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough the United States have developed a vaccine against the Variola virus in the 1970’s when the World Health Organization eradicated smallpox in 1979, the fear remains that bioterrorist may launch a large-scale attack using the variola virus as a bioweapon at the local and state levels which could overwhelm our local and national health infrastructure. There would be a widespread need for medical supplies, diagnostic tests, and hospital beds. Additionally, a widespread fear of contagion would disruptRead MoreClostridium Botulinum : The Strongest Human Known Toxin Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesKillian Hanley Title: Clostridium Botulinum Introduction Clostridium botulinum produces botulinum toxin which is the strongest human known toxin. This makes it have great potential for use as a bioweapon. The concern for this has risen due to Iraq’s production, under Saddam Hussein’s rule, of 19,000 liters of botulinum toxin in 1995. This amount is enough to kill the entire population of humans on earth, three times over. The use of this neurotoxinRead MoreHow Biosecurity Affects Human Health1134 Words   |  5 Pageshuman being who would then become infected and the spread of the infectious disease would mimic that of the domino effect. Since strategists of war knew the effects of the contagious disease led to high mortality rates, the Plague was used as a bioweapon (CDC 2015). There have not been any recent outbreaks of the Plague however it has not been fully eradicated, just monitored. A similar historical issue that arose was due to invasive species and comfortability between â€Å"normal† species. Take intoRead MoreDr. John Cheevers Effect On The Public Health1276 Words   |  6 Pagesproblematic because Dr. Cheever allowed her to go out on her own. In the â€Å"Contagion† film, the Department of Homeland Security came to Dr. Cheever to inform him about the coming outbreak and that it could possibly be a bioweapon (Soderbergh, 2011). Given the possibility of a bioweapon threat and the outbreak could become out of control, I could not see how Dr. Cheever sent only one EIS officer. It is understandable why Dr. Mears agreed to go off on her own because it is in the nature of an EIS OfficerRead More Anthrax in Bioterrorism Essay2035 Words   |  9 PagesAll-all-the sheep died quickly thereafter. The hopes were high for the anthrax bomb, and Germany didnà ­t stand a balloonà ­s chance in a needle stackÃâ€"or so would have been the case had the development of the atom bomb not come up, and the popularity of bioweapons forgotten. As one could imagine, Gruinard Island was a mess of death and contamination after testing-it was indeed the only uninhabited place during WWII. The island has only recently been decontaminated [and yes, they used another hundred sheepRead MoreThe War Of The Soviet Union1524 Words   |  7 Pagesof unanswered questions. There are still former bioweapons sites that Russia has never granted access to. The book paints a picture of some of these programs having lives of their own, in spite of the best intentions of the leadership. So who knows what might still be lurking in the shadows. Minor drawbacks were (1) the author has a tendency to jump back and forth between strands of the story, i.e. from nuclear arms reduction talks, to the bioweapons story, in a somewhat distracting way, and (2) theRead More Bioterrorism and Plague Essay1777 Words   |  8 Pagesbubonic plague is the most common form of plague, pneumonic plague is the more fatal form of the bacteria. It is the only form that has been successfully aerosolized by man and has the potential of taking down a mass of people in days. If used as a bioweapon, it would cause major damage. This paper is designed to inform you of the history, the facts, and the precautions needed to prevent a bioterrorist attack. In 1970, The World Health Organization estimated that 50 kg, or 110 lb, of Y. pestis sprayedRead MoreScientific Ethics Of Scientific Science Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pagesa modified version of smallpox capable of infecting and killing vaccinated people. Poxiruses are candidates for biological weapons (bi oweapons) as they are resistant to heat and other environmental factors, and are highly infectious (Herrlich, 2013). In this example, it is asked whether the Australian researchers would be accountable if such an infectious bioweapon was produced in the wake of this research. The researches would argue that as their intention was not to produce such a virulent strain

Corporate Events in Intramuros Free Essays

University of the Philippines Manila National Graduate Office for the Health Sciences How Many Corporate Events on a particular week day in Intramural? Sherry Ann N. Shares 2014- 85177 2014-2015/ 1st semester Master in Management / College of Arts and Sciences Problem of the Study How many Corporate Events on a particular week day in Intramural? Introduction of the Study Corporate event Is an event sponsored by a corporation for the purpose of cleaving specific goals and objectives such as entertaining customers, Introducing and promoting new products or services, or providing Incentives or training for employees, as well as other activities (Wiley International Dictionary of Event control – all basic principles of project management (Mastitis, P. , Tooled, W. We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate Events in Intramuros or any similar topic only for you Order Now , 2002). Based on research, the areas of management for corporate events are the if: scope, time, cost, risk, content, human resources, procurement, and communication. Thus, there is a need to identify that factors that is relative to the number of corporate events per day. Locale of the study The locale of the study is Intramural which is suited in Manila City. It is a 64-hectare tone citadel, founded by the Spanish in 1571, and has withstood wars, natural disasters and successive waves of colonial invaders, and such stands as a metaphor of Manila itself. (http://content. Time. Com/time/travel/citywide/article/ Intramural is a Latin word meaning â€Å"within the walls†. A place or monument of the Spanish period in the Philippine history. It is also known as the â€Å"Walled City†. It is one of the principal tour destination in the Philippines. Fig. 1 Map of Intramural Hypothesis Hon.: No. Of corporate events per day is not relative with the span of time of the event Ha: No. F corporate events per day is significantly relative to the day of the week. Research Methods This presents the methods used in the research and the respondents of the study to gather the data needed. Methods The instrument and method being used in gathering the necessary data. Interview. Used by the researcher to the gather the primary source of data, it also gave the researchers the opportunity to gather the list of events in Intramural. Furthermore, it gave the opportunity to clarify issues concerning the problem. Walk-in Observation. The observation was also an excellent source of data. The research decided to conduct walk-in observation at the last minute of the study since the hotel do not provide information on their corporate events. Respondents There are two respondents/source of the study: The Flyleaf Hotel and the Intramural Administration. The Flyleaf Hotel. The only hotel inside Intramural. Launched in November 2011, this boutique hotel promises a restful experience for its guests given its 5 star quality beddings, room amenities and a spacious bathroom (http://www. Tableland. Com. PH/ about-us). Intramural Administration (IA). A national government agency created on April 10, 1979, under Presidential Decree 1616. It is tasked to restore the Walled City of Intramural and develop it into a prime urban tourist destination. Sis’s objective is to make this â€Å"city within a city† socially, economically and culturally viable again while as a main center of tourist activity in the City of Manila. It is involved not only in the restoration but also in urban renewal and income generation (IA leaflet). Data Gathering The researcher gathered data from a hotel (Flyleaf Hotel) and government agency (Intramural Administration). The information from the hotel were exclusive which exulted to a walk-in observation and sampling. On the other hand, data gathering through the government agency was easier through their list and schedule of corporate events for the year 2014. The researcher also read articles and books on Corporate Events Management and other related topics to the study. The Flyleaf Hotel. On a phone interview with Ms. Marie Toleration, Sales Manager of The Flyleaf, they could not provide the information needed. She also said that â€Å"most of the events held at the hotel were exclusive and not open to the public†. Since the researcher id not gathered information from the hotel, it resulted to the conduct of a walk-in random sampling at the last minute Just to have the number of events in a hotel and a comparison of data. The researcher conducted a random walk-in sampling on the number of events in the hotel on August 27, 2014 (Wednesday) and August 29, 2014 (Thursday). It was found-out that there is no corporate event held in said hotel on August 27, 2014 and there were four (4) corporate events on August 28, 2014. Intramural Administration (IA). The researcher conducted interview with the Tourism Promotion Division of the IA. The IA has the authority among the public places and venues inside Intramural. All of the events within the vicinity of the Intramural is and must be approved by the IA thus the said agency has the list of the approved corporate events for the year (2014). Data Presentation and Analysis This presents the data gathered based on the information gathered from the IA and the Flyleaf Hotel in Intramural. Table 1 . Corporate Events at the Flyleaf Hotel (August 25-31, 2014) DAYS OF THE WEEK (August 25-31, 2014) No. Of corporate events (Frequency) Monday No data gathered Tuesday Wednesday Thursday 4 Saturday Sunday TOTAL Based on a two-day observation of the corporate events held at the Flyleaf Intramural, it shows that one day of the week (Wednesday) has no corporate event and on the other day of the week (Thursday) has 4 events. These events are meeting and trainings of the employees of different corporation. So, it is not open to public. Data also shows that the week of day or the schedule of the event is relative on the number of events per day. Though, it could not be concluded since it is only a two-day observation. Table 2. Corporate Event per Day of the Week in Intramural Noun 9 – 15, 2014) DAYS OF THE WEEK (JUNE 9-15, 2014) Friday 3 Table 2 shows that data gathered from the Intramural Administration on a random sampling of a week of the year 2014, it shows that there are only three days (3) in a week with an event and each day has only one event. How to cite Corporate Events in Intramuros, Papers

The implementation EHR in Nursing-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: You have been tasked with leading the introduction of a new technique / technology in your team. However you have noticed that many staff are reluctant to adapt their practice and adopt the new technique / technology and you are worried about your project failing to meet its targets. Use one leadership theory and one or two theories related to self-regulation, motivation, communication or organisational change to analyse what might explain staff resistance. Use your chosen theories to analyse how you can support your team to work towards the set targets. Answer: Introduction: With the advancements in the technological fields, the works of human beings have become easier. Technology has helped human beings to be more efficient and complete a task more accurately and at a faster pace in comparison to domains where technologies are not applied. Similarly, in the healthcare industries, different types of technological advancements have been made so that care delivery to patients becomes easier (Nguyen, Belucci and Nguyen 2014). Technologies have been proposed to provide safe care to patients and also to increase patient satisfaction and decrease their stays in the hospitals. Often treatment of different diseases like cancer, chronic kidney disorder and many others have been made easier due to utilization of important instruments like dialyzers, instruments associated with radiotherapy, chemotherapy and many others. Therefore, technology has now become an integrated part of the healthcare industries (Nelson and Staggers 2016). However, there are many professio nals in the healthcare industries who dislike the use of technology. They had criticized that recent technological advancements have reduced the development of proper relationship between the patients, nurses and other professionals. Many also feel demotivated to change their working procedures when new technologies are incorporated in the working environment. Fear, lack of confidence, apathy to change the traditional working style, apathy to change habits and many others become the sole reasons for the creation of issues in workplace (Boonstra, Verslius and Vos 2014). A similar issue was faced by me when as a leader; I tried to implement the electronic health record system in the working facility of the hospital. Several protests from the older nurses had been noted after the implementation of the Electronic health record system which is also called the EHR. Therefore, the assignment will mainly be based on the leadership style that I had adopted in such scenario which helped me to handle my team effectively. Moreover, I will also discuss different theories which I had followed to make them comfortable with the new changed working environment. Ultimately the issue was resolved and smooth flow of work was continued. Rationale for the Necessity of the new technology: An audit conducted in the healthcare center had showed that there had been an increased number of medication errors in the past six months. This has mainly been due to the inability of the nursing professionals to document the record of the patients properly. Often due to improper communication, delegation and incomplete filling up of the documentation record sheets of the patients, inappropriate delegation of care services were taking place. Medication errors, complaints from patients and families and minor accidents have taken place. Therefore the higher authorities wanted to implement a proper system which will reduce the medical errors and will increase the accuracy of the systems. Therefore, I was assigned the duty to properly lead my team through the implementation of the systems and providing proper guidance and training so that they can correctly handle the systems. Importance of HER: The main reason for which I had selected the implementation of the HER in the system is that it provides accurate as well as up to date and complete information about patients at the point of care. It also enables quick access to patient records so that more coordinated and efficient care is provided to them. It also helps in securely sharing electronic information with not only patients but also with other clinicians (Ben-Asuli 2015). Moreover, this system also help providers to more accurately diagnose patients, reduce medical errors an also provide safer care. Besides, improvement in patient as well as provider interaction and communication it also helps in different healthcare convenience. It also ensures safer as well as more reliable prescribing. It also helps in the promoting of legible and complete documentation and accurate billing and streamlined coding (McAlraly et al. 2015). It ensures privacy and security of the different patient data. Another important area where it wou ld be increasingly helpful is that it helps in improving productivity as well as work life balance. It would also enable providers to improve efficiency and also meet their business goals (Sinsky et al. 2014). It also decreases cost through decreased amount of paperwork reducing duplication of testing and improving health. After implementation of the system and calling a meeting to discuss about the changes that would now be incorporated in the environment, I came across several issues. One of the barriers that I faced after the change in the working environment is a large number of behavioral issues from the nursing professionals. Many of the nurses, mainly the veteran nurses exhibited in regards to the perception and satisfaction towards information technology. They were also upset about the time that they would have to spend documenting for the patient information (Englebright, Aldirch and Taylor 2014) They mainly had doubts that whether they would be able to work in a nursing environment with such high level of technology. Although I provided them with reference guides, screenshots and cheat sheets, they were grateful of the new technology and stated that they might not get adapted to the new technology and make mistakes which may harm hospital resources as well as patient lives. A rumor had also c irculated that the procedures are very difficult to handle and the machines may break down at any time. All such rumors had made the environment very tensed and even the new nurses who were initially enthusiastic were now lacking confidence. While some of them complained of the having a hard time in adjusting to electronic charting, there were also many who were filled with anxiety and fear. One such fear discussed by a senior nurse is clicking at the wrong places while working with the computerized charts. They become aggravated when they cannot perform their electronic tasks. Besides, the fear and uncertainty being some of the barriers faced by nurses in the new working protocol, it was also seen that there were many veteran nurses who were reluctant to change their working procedure. They believed that their habits are working fine with the system of the hospitals and therefore there was very little need for new technologies. They were just not ready to accept it as a part of the system. From all these I realized that they were basically suffering from lack of confidence and motivation. The rumors and the negative environment created were making the nurses demotivated (Englebright et al. 2014). These were affecting them physically and mentally and were also interrupting the smooth care delivery of the patients. Hence, it became very important for me to motivate them, to enlighten them about the new technique and help them ponder on the positivity. As a leader is also ha to help them get over their fear and develop skills which would ensure safe care delivery. Leadership styles: I mainly prefer following a transformational leadership styles. In this style of leadership, the leader mainly works with the subordinates in order to identify the proper changes and thereby create visions. He helps the subordinates by guiding them through the changes by properly motivating them and providing inspiration (Kruse et al. 2015). He also believes in executing the changes in tandem with committed members of the group. This type of leadership styles mainly helps to enhance the motivation, morale as well as the job performance of the employee with the help of a number of initiatives (Weng et al. 2015). This leader mainly does so by connecting the team members sense of identity and self to the project. It also helps to align the subordinates with the collective identity of the organization. Development of strong bonds and influencing them with the positive perspectives: Therefore, my main aim would be to first align the nursing professionals to align with the mission and vision of the organization. I have to make them understand that main rationale for implementing the system s that they can appraise the necessity for the technology implemented in the healthcare sector (Frankel and Pcgms 2017). They should be properly made to understand that how these systems would ultimately help in developing the quality of the care that is provided to the patients. They must be made to recognize that how EHR system is ultimately helping them to meet with the main principle of nursing providing safest and best evidence based care to patients (Gillett et al. 2013). At first a proper relationship should be developed with the nurses so that the bonds between me and the nurses become strong and trustworthy. Trust based relationships help in making the working environment smooth and also makes its stress free. Here the team members trust each other and the leaders and thereby communication and productivity get increased. Once trustworthy relationship is developed, I can help them look at the positive aspects of the technology (Lavoie et al. 2016). I can also encourage them to overcome their fear and try their best to adapt to the new working procedure. After the building of strong relationships, my next aim would be to motivate them to try out the new initiatives which they fear to take. They should be motivated to buy and deliver the vision. They should be influenced by giving them enough scopes to participate in the training procedures, in group discussion, in feedback meetings and many others (Grosman and Valiga 2016). The old nurses as well as the new nurses should be influenced about how such changes should not only develop patient care but would make their work much easier. They would also prevent them from developing job stress, mental and physical disabilities and others. Motivational Strategies: Two motivational theories I can use here as the leaders. The first one would be the Hertzbergs Two-Factor Theory. It consists mainly of two important factors. The first are the motivation factors which are actually the factors that lead to satisfaction and motivate employees to accept the changes and work more. I can ensure motivating the employees by making them feel recognized for the successful handling of the EHR, for properly documenting reports and others (Alshemri, Shawn-Akl and Maude 2017). This will motivate the employee and will also encourage the other nurse professionals. I will also look for their career progression for further motivation. The second factors are the hygiene factors which if absent may lead to dissatisfaction and lack of motivation among the employees. These include salary, benefits, company benefits and also relationship with the managers and coworkers (Grossman and Valiga 2016). Therefore I, as a leader would try to develop relationship among the co-wor kers as there remain a health relationship among them. I would also try out new incentive scheme plans for those who would be successfully handling the new technology and would be enthusiastic to learn about them. These would motivate the employees to learn the new techniques. Another motivational theory that can be also used in this context is the Hawthorn effect (Wong et al. 2013). It was named after a series of social experiments on the influence of the physical conditions on productivity at in the 1920s and 30 at Western Electrics factory at Hawthorne, Chicago. The researchers noticed that different factors like lighting, working hours, breaks and others are all important for motivating individuals at work (Hawthorn et al. 2017). Therefore as a leader, I should take initiatives to properly plan about the working hours, breaks, proper work life balance and others. All these would ultimately make them feel that the organization is thinking for the betterment of the nurses and as a result they should also try their best to dedicate themselves for the organization and try to align with their working professionals. Communication in a consistent manner: A change process always remains associated with large amount of confusion. This confusion mainly arises from half heated information distributions, lack of proper knowledge about the change among the subordinates, rumors that spread in the organization and many others, issues also arise where individuals became concerned about their fate in the organization and thereby get anxious about their position. All these make employees feel disoriented as the organization lets o of the old process and embraces new procedures and structures (Mantos et al. 2014). Therefore researchers are of the opinion that transformational leaders in such situation should establish effective communication with every of the team members so that the negative outlooks of the employees could be known. Their issues need to be known clearly by properly communicating with them (Know et al. 2017). Therefore effective communication should be ensured by the leaders to stop the employees form feeling anxious and panicki ng about the new establishments. While communicating with the nurses, I should first empathize with their concerns. Impressing upon them the new procedures without giving scope to the nurses in communicating their feelings may have negative impact on their work and productivity. Therefore, gaining feedbacks form them and then analyzing them and communication they correct strategies and benefits which are necessary (Behnia and Muller et al. 2014). I should implement active listening skills and proper feedback receiving skills so that they can vice their concern. Following them, I will give them proper explanations and empower them in ways by which they would gain confidence to work with the new technology. The main attributes that I will use effectively while communication with both the old and new nurses are effective verbal communication and non verbal communication. Proper listening skills, active negotiations, problem solving, decision making and assertiveness are attributes of c ommunication (Valackiene and Susinene 2013). Therefore all these would be maintained by me to make the nurses develop their confidence. Reinforcing and reminding: A transformational leader does not only have the above mentioned duties. Researchers are of the opinion that reinforcing and reminding are two important attributes which need to be incorporated in the leadership skills while managing change procedures. Although every employees want to see immediate results but it is not possible always. It may take a time for the employees to catch on the new methods. The employees will need to move through a psychological transition. I, as the leader of the team, should not forcibly try to make them align with the situation. In place, it is necessary for them to give the nursing professionals, time so that they can psychologically adjust and thereby gets absorbed in the new working protocol (Goestsch and Davis 2014). However, as a leader I should make sure that the time taken by the nurses to adapt to the new system should not be long enough. For ensuring these, I need to conduct meetings and training sessions in order to make sure that the nurses a re gradually coming out of their old habits and working styles. It should be sneered through the meetings and classes, that they are getting adapted to the current scenarios. Establishing accountability: The leaders have to enforce the strategies taken by them in a proper pace and in proper manner so that the employees do not slip into old patterns once again. Researchers are of the opinion that accountability can be established through metrics and reports. Leaders should need to check in with the subordinates more frequently during the course of launching new technologies in the healthcare centers. The leaders can conduct one to one meetings as well as smaller team meetings. Researchers say that the advantages of the team meetings are that it involves elements of collaboration which evokes an essence that all team members are working together (Belias and Kouste 2014). This has one benefit. There is also an element of peer pressure. Researchers have seen that when everyone of the group gets committed to change, then those resistors of change will also give in due to the pressure to conform to the crowd. I as a transformational leader should be extremely careful while establishing acc ountability. This is mainly because I would never like to create an environment where employees would be asked to police each other. Therefore, establishing accountability will ensure that the nurses would be adhering with the new technology implemented in the working environment which would ensure patient safety. Employee feedback: Another important step that I would take as a transformational leader is to invite proper employee feedback. As the nursing professionals will be going through the change process with their new working procedure, it becomes extremely important for the leaders about how they are perceiving about the systems and whether they are facing any issues or not. The ways by which feedback should be collected from the nurses would be by implementation of the employee suggestion box and also employee surveys at the key checkpoints (Cameron and Green 2015). Moreover, open discussion meetings should also be conducted by me where their issues would be listed and accordingly important initiatives would be taken. Measurement and celebration of progress: When a big goal is to be achieved, it requires time and the nursing professionals may feel that they are not making enough progress. They may think that they may never be able to successfully handle the EHR or would continue making mistakes. In order to prevent such feelings of defeat, it is important for me to measure the progress. This will make the nurses believe that their efforts towards change are making a big difference to the organization and also helping in maintaining patient safety (Alkias et al. 2017). Moreover the focus on the metrics will also create a feeling of teamwork. This will squelch rumors and would help the nurses to overcome fear as well as anxiety about the new processes. Moreover it also becomes important for the leader to celebrate incremental successes as it helps in renewing the staff and also provide proper reward for their efforts. Conclusion: From the entire discussion above, it can be easily understood that any sort of change in working procedure of the organization may result in different types of resistance from the employees. When the new technological advancement of electrical health record was introduced in the healthcare system, the nursing professionals were not comfortable with the change. They were filled with fear, anxiety and lacked confidence. Not only that, they also showed apathy towards the new change as they were reluctant to change their working styles. They gradually started getting demotivated and hence their performance was gradually degrading. Therefore as a transformational leader I had to initiate a number of strategies. After development of a strong bind and trustworthy relationship, they were motivated by introduction of different schemes. Proper communication was carried on so that they can proactively understand the rationale of the introduction of the strategies and the implementation of the t echnology and thereby try their best to adapt to the new scenarios. Besides, I provided them enough time for preparing themselves psychologically at the same time balancing that they are not providing themselves with enough time where they get back to their old habits. Establishing accountability, employee feedback gathering and thereby celebrating small successes also help the teams to adhere properly to the new changes. For proper management of the new changes, effective leadership is required who would ultimately help in stabilizing the unstable situations and help in maintaining smooth workflow. References: Alshmemri, M., Shahwan-Akl, L. and Maude, P., 2017. Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory.Life Science Journal,14(5). Behnia, K. and Mueller, D., Bmc Software, Inc., 2014.Bi-directional communication between change management tool and implementation tools. U.S. Patent 8,887,133. Belias, D. and Koustelios, A., 2014. The impact of leadership and change management strategy on organizational culture.European Scientific Journal, ESJ,10(7). Ben-Assuli, O., 2015. Electronic health records, adoption, quality of care, legal and privacy issues and their implementation in emergency departments.Health Policy,119(3), pp.287-297 Boonstra, A., Versluis, A. and Vos, J.F., 2014. Implementing electronic health records in hospitals: a systematic literature review.BMC health services research,14(1), p.370. Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015.Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Englebright, J., Aldrich, K. and Taylor, C.R., 2014. Defining and incorporating basic nursing care actions into the electronic health record.Journal of Nursing Scholarship,46(1), pp.50-57. Frankel, A. and PGCMS, R., 2017. What leadership styles should senior nurses develop?.Stroke,1, p.40. Gillet, N., Fouquereau, E., Bonnaud-Antignac, A., Mokounkolo, R. and Colombat, P., 2013. The mediating role of organizational justice in the relationship between transformational leadership and nurses quality of work life: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey.International journal of nursing studies,50(10), pp.1359-1367. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Grossman, S. and Valiga, T.M., 2016.The new leadership challenge: Creating the future of nursing. FA Davis. Halkias, D., Santora, J.C. and Harkiolakis, N. eds., 2017.Leadership and change management: A cross-cultural perspective. Taylor Francis. Hawthorne-Madell, D. and Goodman, N.D., 2017. So good it has to be true: wishful thinking in theory of mind.Open Mind. Know, T.Y.N.T., 2017. Past, Present, Future of. Kruse, C.S., Mileski, M., Alaytsev, V., Carol, E. and Williams, A., 2015. Adoption factors associated with electronic health record among long-term care facilities: a systematic review.BMJ open,5(1), p.e006615. Lavoie?Tremblay, M., Fernet, C., Lavigne, G.L. and Austin, S., 2016. Transformational and abusive leadership practices: impacts on novice nurses, quality of care and intention to leave.Journal of advanced nursing,72(3), pp.582-592. Matos Marques Simoes, P. and Esposito, M., 2014. Improving change management: How communication nature influences resistance to change.Journal of Management Development,33(4), pp.324-341. McAlearney, A.S., Hefner, J.L., Sieck, C.J. and Huerta, T.R., 2015. The journey through grief: insights from a qualitative study of electronic health record implementation.Health services research,50(2), pp.462-488. Nelson, R. and Staggers, N., 2016.Health Informatics-E-Book: An Interprofessional Approach. Elsevier Health Sciences. Nguyen, L., Bellucci, E. and Nguyen, L.T., 2014. Electronic health records implementation: an evaluation of information system impact and contingency factors.International journal of medical informatics,83(11), pp.779-796. Sinsky, C.A., Beasley, J.W., Simmons, G.E. and Baron, R.J., 2014. Electronic health records: design, implementation, and policy for higher-value primary careEHRs for higher-value primary care.Annals of internal medicine,160(10), pp.727-728. Valackiene, A. and Susnien?, D., 2013, January. Significance of corporate communication in change management: theoretical and practical perspective. InProceedings of the European Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance(pp. 317-324). Weng, R.H., Huang, C.Y., Chen, L.M. and Chang, L.Y., 2015. Exploring the impact of transformational leadership on nurse innovation behaviour: a cross?sectional study.Journal of nursing management,23(4), pp.427-439. Wong, C.A., Cummings, G.G. and Ducharme, L., 2013. The relationship between nursing leadership and patient outcomes: a systematic review update.Journal of nursing management,21(5), pp.709-724

Puerto Rico walks away from commonwealth. Essays - Americas

Puerto Rico walks away from commonwealth. I will not pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the republic for which it stands. This must be the words of thousands of Puerto Ricans living in the island today wishing that their small island would once and for all become free from the colonization of the United States. Puerto Rico has been living under U.S. domination for the past 92 years and it's considered the last nation in Latin America that is still living in colonization. Puerto Ricans want to be free and should be allowed to be free; to have the opportunity to vote for the president who sends its young people to war, to have their own currency, to fly one flag in all their schools and finally to feel pride in being an independent nation and not labeled with terms like "territory" and "commonwealth". Bigger and more powerful nations that inhabit smaller nations for various benefits should never deny a nation's culture and roots, instead in these modern times people should be allowed to govern themselves and be independent nations. In the midst of the struggle over status (U.S commonw ealth or Independency) only one clear realization can come of this, Puerto Rico ought to be independent and refuse commonwealth to the United States of America. One of the many benefits citizens from all democratic countries enjoy is the ability to choose their chief in command. As a commonwealth under the United States, Puerto Rican citizens cannot vote during the presidential campaign. They are allowed to participate in presidential primaries but not the final event. This is somewhat of an insult to the younger generation on the island being sent off to fight wars representing the U.S. having been denied the privilege to choose the person who is sending them. As an independent nation Puerto Ricans would have the right to participate in elections choosing who their leader would be. The island does have its own elections where they get to choose who will become governor and other various members of the political cabinet but all of these have limited power in deciding the fate of the island. The Governor is allowed to run the island and handle domestic issues but Washington has the final word. This struggle for power has also affected the economy and the ability to export and carry out trades with other nations; United Sates keeps a tight hold on who the island does business with, ultimately creating a dependent economy. Puerto Rico should be allowed to diversify their sources of capital and their export market something that would strengthen its economy and eliminate the economic dependency that has been created throughout the years. Many in the island believe that independency would allow Puerto Rico to open a broader trading market and as stated by Eric Negron, tax adviser to the independence party, "as an independent nation Puerto Rico could attract foreign investment and it would at the same time be better able to direct what sort of industries is brought to the island." Remaining a commonwealth takes all of these economic privileges away from the people and the government of Puerto Rico who want to see the island's economy soar to a new level. Nations across the world can be proud of their heritage and culture, which makes up their country and it's the backbone to each individual society. A nation's language is a stamp of their history; the DNA that makes up its people. Puerto Rico as a commonwealth could be in danger of losing its national language. Spanish has been the island's national language since the Spanish conquistadors first discovered it in 1492. United Sates wants Puerto Rico to make the change from Spanish to English and demands that both Spanish and English be the national languages; too many schools across the island have already made the transaction and now teach in both languages. Being a Puerto Rican is not being part of an ethnic group or speaking Spanish is not speaking a dialect; these citizens are people who have their own language and roots and deserve the right to conserve their heritage and most important their culture. However, as a person born in

Quebrada Jaguay - Terminal Pleistocene Archaeology

Quebrada Jaguay - Terminal Pleistocene Archaeology Quebrada Jaguay (designated QJ-280 by its excavator) is a multi-component archaeological site, located on an  alluvial terrace within the coastal desert of southern Peru, on the north bank an ephemeral stream near the town of Caman. At the time of its earliest occupation, it was about 7-8 kilometers (4-5 miles) in from the Peruvian coast and today is about 40 meters (130 feet) above sea level. The site was a fishing community, with a Terminal Pleistocene occupation date between about 13,000 and 11,400 calendar years ago (cal BP), based on a large suite of radiocarbon dates. Terminal Pleistocene sites are known in  Andean chronology as Preceramic Period I). The site is one of about 60 sites which have been found along the coast of Peru in this region, but it is the only one containing the Jaguay Phase occupations, and it is the earliest site in the region found to date (as of 2008, Sandweiss). The closest site with the same date is Quebrada Tacahuay, some 230 km (140 miles) to the south. It, like Quebrada Jaguay, is a seasonally-occupied fishing village: and those sites and many others extending from Alaska to Chile support the Pacific Coast Migration Model for the original colonization of the Americas. Chronology Late Preceramic Period, 4000 cal BP, Manos PhaseHiatus, 4000-8000 cal BPEarly Middle Preceramic Period, 8000-10,600 cal BP, Machas PhaseEarly Preceramic Period, 11,400-13,000 cal BP, Jaguay Phase During the Jaguay phase, the site was a seasonally-occupied coastal base camp for hunter-gatherers and fishermen who targeted mostly drum fish (Sciaenae, corvina or sea bass family), wedge clams (Mesodesma donancium), and freshwater and/or marine crustaceans. The occupations apparently were confined to the late winter/early summer months; the rest of the year, the people are believed to have moved inland and hunted terrestrial animals. Based on the size of the fish, the people were net fishing: the Machas phase occupations contain a few specimens of knotted cordage. The only terrestrial animals recovered from the site were small rodents, which were not likely food for the residents. Houses during the Jaguay phase were rectangular, based on the identification of postholes, and contained hearths; the houses were reconstructed several times in the same location but slightly different positions, evidence for seasonal occupations. Food remains and abundant lithic debitage were also recovered, but there were almost no finished tools. Poorly preserved plant remains were restricted to a few prickly pear cactus (Opuntia) seeds. The vast majority of the raw material for the stone tools (lithics) were local, but Alca obsidian identified by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis had been brought from its Pucuncho basin source in the Andean highlands some 130 km (80 mi) away and 3000 m (9800 ft) higher in elevation. Machas Phase The Machas Phase occupation at the site contains neither prickly pear nor obsidian: and during this period there are many more such villages in the region. The Machas phase occupation included several bottle gourd rind fragments; and a single semi-subterranean house, about 5 m (16 ft) in diameter and built with a foundation of mud and stone. It may have been roofed with wood or other organic material; it had a central hearth. The house depression is filled with a shell midden, and the house was also built on top of another shell midden. Archaeological Discovery Quebrada Jaguay was discovered by Frà ©dà ©ric Engel in 1970, as part of his investigations into the preceramic epoch along the coastline. Engel dated charcoal from one of his test pits, which came back to a remarkable 11,800 cal bp, unheard of at the time: in 1970, any site in the Americas older than 11,200 was considered heresy. Excavations were conducted at the site by Daniel Sandweiss in the 1990s, with a team of Peruvian, Canadian and U.S archaeologists. Sources Sandweiss DH. 2008. Early Fishing Societies in Western South America. In: Silverman H, and Isbell W, editors. The Handbook of South American Archaeology: Springer New York. p 145-156. Sandweiss DH, McInnis H, Burger RL, Cano A, Ojeda B, Paredes R, Sandweiss MdC, and Glascock MD. 1998. Quebrada Jaguay: early South American maritime adaptations. Science 281(5384):1830-1832. Sandweiss DH, and Richardson JBI. 2008. Central Andean Environments. In: Silverman H, and Isbell WH, editors. The Handbook of South American Archaeology: Springer New York. p 93-104. Tanner BR. 2001. Lithic Analysis of Chipped Stone Artifacts Recovered from Quebrada Jaguay, Peru. Electronic Theses and Dissertations: University of Maine.

A Google Executive Shares Her Best Advice for Young People

A Google Executive Shares Her Best Advice for Young People Ivy Ross is a tech executive heading up Google’s top-secret wearables division, but she didn’t follow what you might consider a traditional path to get there. She’s been a jewelry designer, with her work appearing in some of the world’s best museums, and she has worked at multiple companies- including both Mattel and Gap Inc.  When she gave a recent Commencement Address at FIT (the Fashion Institute of Technology), Ross explained how it was because of and not in spite of her unorthodox career path that she gained the success and fulfillment she currently enjoys.Here is her best advice for young people  just starting out.Ignore Your EgoAfter Ross’s jewelry designs hit their 12th  major museum and she’d won the De Beers Diamonds International Award, Ross realized her heart just wasn’t in it like it used to be. She’d worked so hard to achieve the kind of recognition she was receiving, but now that she’d attained the hi ghest heights- accomplishments any designer would spend an entire lifetime working towards- she had nowhere else to push herself.Having her ego’s biggest desires met helped Ross to let go of those desires to try and see what other desires lay beneath them. And she found she gained a lot more satisfaction turning her talents to team work and the joy of creating things collaboratively with others.Stop Planning Too Far OutPlans are always necessary in some form or another. But the ubiquitous 5-year plan that everyone insists upon? Ross says ditch it. Could she possibly have predicted 5 years ago, for example, that she’d be spearheading a secret Google project? Of course not. Would she have been too restricted to try had she laid out a stringent 5-year plan in another field? Probably not- and that’s her point.Ross thinks 5-year plans are the way of the past, particularly given the rapid pace at which industries and technologies are changing and how often new opportu nities present themselves. Staying open to different possibilities is difficult, but doing so can shape the most rewarding careers.Appreciate the  Here and NowRoss maintains that following the â€Å"ideal career path† won’t necessarily get you where you want to go. Don’t  take jobs with the question, â€Å"Where will this get me?† in mind. Try asking instead, â€Å"What can I learn here?† or â€Å"Can I do what I do best in this environment?†Take your eye off the end game and ignore the destination. Figure out who you are an what you’re good at, and just follow your heart.

Estimate the five operating expenses for each of the past three fiscal Essay

Estimate the five operating expenses for each of the past three fiscal years, and evaluate what operating leverage, if any, was applied each year - Essay Example According to both financial statements the five costs are Cost of Revenue, Research and Development, Selling General and Administrative Expenses, Non-Recurring and Others. For the sake of simplicity, Cost of Revenue and Selling, General and Administration Expenses would be regarded as Variable Cost and the other expenditure as Fixed Cost. From the Income Statement Extract for 2003 (Fig 2), it is clear that PFIZER operated with a higher degree of operating leverage than GlaxoSmithKline. This is evident in the company's fixed cost percentage as PFIZER's fixed cost position is 2% higher that its competitor. The fact that PFIZER has a substantial amounts of capital tied up in its fixed assets and in particular in Research and Development Expenditure, would account for its higher operating leverage. It should be of no surprise therefore, that PFIZER's Research and Development accounts for over 50% of its total fixed cost. GlaxoSmithKline may have been a little more conservative since its Research and Development Expenditure spans only 5% of its total fixed cost. The strategy therefore would be for PFIZER to reduce its fixed cost percentage and thus enable itself to manage its risks. It has successfully done so in December 2004 (Fig 3) and as a result its operations have expanded by 13%. GlaxoSmithKline, on the other hand, operating income expanded by only 3% despite the reduction of its operating leverage. This is owing to the fact that its revenue of $39 Billion only increased by 3%. Fig 4 According to Fig 4, the Operating Income of GlaxoSmithKline has improved by an additional 4% where as PFIZER fell by 5%. PFIZER operating leverage has increased again and hence would account for the fall in Operating Income by $3 Billion. It was clear that GlaxoSmithKline managed its operating leverage better and hence reduces its risk. Conclusion The question, which may arise, is whether PFIZER is in a better situation than GlaxoSmithKline The truth is "leverage is neither good or bad"(Schmedt May 1998). Each company must assess the amount of risk it is willing to take while striving to achieve its corporate objectives. It is important to understand the company's cost structure to enable management to make effective decisions so that it can compete effectively and achieve the competitive advantage it so desires. References Fred Schmedts, The concept of Operating Leverage : The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation http://www.noble.org/Ag/Economics/OperatingLeverage/index.html Glaxosmithkline PLC Financial Statements December 2003 to December 2005 - Yahoo Finance http://finance.yahoo.com/q/iss=GSK&annual PFIZER Inc Financial Statements December 2003 to December 2005 - Yahoo Finance http://finance.yahoo.com/q/iss=PFE&annual Buccino, Gerald P. and Kraig S. McKinley, "The Importance of Operating Leverage in a Turnaround," Secure Lender (September / October 1997),

The Swedish Climate Scientist - Svante Arrhenius Essay

The Swedish Climate Scientist - Svante Arrhenius - Essay Example Global warming is considered to depend upon two major factors: excessive emissions of carbon dioxide and other 'greenhouse' gases and fluctuations in temperature trends.  During the last decades of the 20th century, global warming was predominantly viewed as one of the numerous side effects of human activity. 99.9% of the overall atmospheric volume belongs to only three gases: nitrogen (78.09%), oxygen (20.95%), and argon (0.93%). However, the climate depends on these three major gases much less than it depends upon the remaining groups of gases that constitute only 0.01% of the Earth's atmosphere. These gases are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and ozone (O3) and they are known as "greenhouse gases or radiatively important trace species (RITS). They are radiatively important because they influence the radiation balance or net heat balance of the Earth" (Hardy, 2003: 3).  For nearly three centuries the mankind has been raising the concentration of carbon dioxide and other 'greenhouse' gases in the atmosphere. Numerous factories, fossil fuel power plants, and vehicles produce astonishing volumes of carbon dioxide; millions of tons of decomposing garbage coupled with a highly increased population of methane-belching cattle result in the release of excessive volumes of methane; nitrogen-containing fertilizers - the cornerstone of contemporary agriculture - raise the concentration of nitrogen oxide.  In figures, the rise seems rather impressive: while the preindustrial concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere did not exceed 280 ppm, these days the concentration of this gas is approximately 370 ppm which corresponds to more than 30 percent increase. The same tendency is observed in the concentration of other greenhouse gases.

The GDP Term Essay Example for Free

The GDP Term Essay GDP should really stand for Grossly Deceptive Product† The Economist What does GDP actually measure? When discussing about the economy of one country, people often talk about â€Å"Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, there are a number of disagreements among economist about the value of GDP. Therefore, this essay will discuss whether or not GDP is an ideal measurement of the development of a nation. It first explores the term GDP and ways to measure it. The essay then compares GDP with Gross National Product (GNP) and Human Development Index (HDI). According to Mankiw (2011), the value of all final goods and services in the market produced within a country in a given time span is defined as GDP. Through this definition, there is only one measure of all the value of the economic activities for a range of products, and both goods and services are included in GDP at their market value. Nevertheless, comparing the value of one product to the other is not always easy, for example it is difficult to say if an orange is more valuable than an apple as different consumers value a good differently. It is important to have criteria to differentiate the value of different goods and services. Hence, the market price was introduced in order to identify the volume of customers who are able to purchase particular products. To measure GDP by using the market value helps to include a wide range of commodities in the market. Not only are common items such as food, clothes and other living necessity but also the housing services included in the market value. By measuring GDP this way, many business activities like market rental housing reflect the market value and become indicators of the market. Moreover, volume of owner-occupied housing can be used to measure the market rental value of a country. Nevertheless, according to Abel et al (2008), although this measurement of GDP encompasses a number of goods and services, it still does not cover some products like which are traded in informal markets. It is ideal that all of the goods and services exiting in the market are reflected through GDP. However, in many cases measuring the value of a number of goods and services in non-market and illegal markets is impossible, this makes measuring GDP more difficult. For instance, although the vegetables consumers buy in supermarkets are included in GDP, the ones that farmers grow in their gardens are not counted in GDP. Moreover, it is obvious that the trade of illegal drugs and other products is not counted in GDP. In addition, manufacturing and trading goods and services often relate to the impact in the environment. However, the benefits of clean air and natural water are not traded in the market; and GDP does not reflect actions to reduce pollution or improve environmental quality. There are three main methods for measuring GDP, namely product approach, expenditure approach and income approach. According to Tucker (2011) the product approach is based on value- added concept; it measures economic activity by summing the value added by all producers. In this product approach, the market value of the goods and services traded in the market are included in the economic activities. Nevertheless, the value which is produced and used up in the intermediate stage of the manufacture process is excluded. The second approach is based on expenditure, it consider GDP from a different angle by including expenditure in national income account. GDP is measured as the total spending of final commodities within a nation during a certain period of time. The spending is categories into four kinds, which added to get the GDP (Y), they are consumption (C), investment (I), government purchase of goods and services (G), and net exports of goods and services, indicating the difference between export and import (NX= X-M). Therefore, GDP by expenditure approach is formulated as follow: Y= C+ I + G+ NX (Brezina, 2012). The third method measuring GDP is the income approach, which takes in to account the income gained by manufacturers, such as profits and taxes paid. There are eight types of national incomes, which are: * Compensation of employees consists of workers’ incomes including salaries, wages, pension plans or other benefits businesses deliver to their employees * Income of Proprietors includes capital income and labor incomes of the non-incorporated self-employed. * People’s Rental income: people who have lands, structures or properties can rent them out and receive an amount of money; this is called rental income. * Corporate Profits: this is the amount of money earned by corporations through their business activities. Corporate profits are the results of corporate revenue after rents, wages and costs deductions. * Net income: is the income of individuals earned from their businesses or paid by businesses or other sources after tax deduction or interest paid. * Taxes on production and imports: this encompasses indirect business taxes * Business current transfer payments (net): these are payments which governments or individuals receive from businesses as charitable donations from insurance payments or translation. It should be notice that these payments are not paid for taxes, wages or service charges. * Current surplus of government enterprises: these are businesses’ profits owned by government including electricity, water, public transportations and so forth. There are three main concepts of GDP, namely nominal GDP, real GDP and GDP deflator. Tucker (2011) defines â€Å"The nominal GDP means that the value of all final goods which based on the prices existing during the time period of production†. It is known as current dollar or money GDP and it increases in three different ways. Firstly, it increases when output rises while prices remain unchanged. Nominal GDP also grows when prices increase while the output is constant. The final way which is seen in the typical case, is that both of output and price rise. A major distinction between nominal and real GDP is to measure the gaps between changes in output and the price level which relate to marketing. When the current dollar GDP of a country increases significantly, it is possible that its productions have enlarged markedly. Nevertheless, it is probably that inflation is increasing, so the prices of goods and services grow accordingly. As for the real GDP, the value of all final products production based on the existing prices in a given year. The real GDP which is measured after taking inflation in to account is also known as constant dollar GDP. A price index used to measure the overall level of prices of goods and services included in GDP is defined as the GDP deflator, which is formulated as: GDP deflator = (Nominal GDP/ Real GDP) x 100. It is a measure of the average level of prices for some specified set of products, proportionate to the prices in a specified based year. Hence, the choice of base year decides the value of real GDP and the GDP deflator. In addition, Brakman et al (2006) suggests the method to calculate the real GDP by the use of the chained volume measure of GDP and to take an average of the variation in price. Another way to measure the status of a national economy is through Gross National Product (GNP) and many governments use it as a standard to measure their economy. Brakman et al 2006 defines GNP as â€Å"the market value of the goods and services, which produced by labor and property of residents of a country†. GNP and GDP are different in that they treat output generated by capital and labours having job outsides its home country differently (Abel et al 2008). While the former takes into account the market value of final goods newly produced by domestic factors of production during the current period, the latter only includes production produced within a country. To illustrate, a Chinese worker working in the US, on one hand his services are part of American GDP, on the other hand they contribute to China GNP. In addition, besides labor services, the difference between GNP and GDP also hold for many factors of production like capital. The differentiation between them is calculated as in the formula: GDP= GNP- NFP. Abel et al referred NFP as â€Å"net factor payments from abroad, which to be income paid to domestic factors of production by the rest of the world minus income paid to foreign factors of production by domestic economy†. However, in reality the value of GDP is similar to that of GNP. For example, British GDP was only 0.2% lower than its GNP, $ 1415 billion compared with $ 1417 billion. That is a reason why only two countries out of thirty six having an income level of over $ 100 billion differentiate GDP and GNP. Though the argument whether GNP or GDP is an ideal measurement of national development is debatable, both of the measures still cannot cover many other aspects of the national economy. There are a number of drawbacks pointed out. For instance, it is difficult to set up the best criteria to measure standard of living, quality of goods and services provided the economy activities in shadow economy, welfare issues, income inequality and the negative externality issue (Brezina, 2012). As a result, it is possible that in a country with high GDP not every people live in high standard or benefit form that high GDP. Regarding to the case of China, the China GDP demonstrates approximately equal market value to that in the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, China GDP per capita according to current prices is 19 times lower than that of the UK, indicating a relatively huge gap in GDP per capita between the two nations. Likewise, Australia and India have the same situation as that between China and the UK. Both of these countries have nearly the same level of GDP; on the other hand, GDP per capital of Australia is 46 times greater than that of India. In terms of PPP, the number of goods and services purchased with a unit of each country’s currency is measured by this indicator. PPP takes into consideration the differences in price levels of different goods and different demand patterns in different countries. In PPP calculation approach, the amount of disposal income per capita in the UK is just seven times higher than that in China. Similarly, the amount of disposal income per capital in Australia is just 17 times larger than that in India. By PPP indicator, income gaps between countries are much narrower than those calculated by GDP per capital indicator. It should be noticed that the increase in GDP trend when it is measured by the government is not always a positive sign. GDP increases could be resulted from either economic development or inflation. Therefore, in the case that GDP increase because of inflation then the increase in GDP does not lead to the increase in living standard; alternatively, it would remain the same. Furthermore, According to Abel et al., (2008), there are a number of trades are excluded from GDP such as illegal transactions with drugs, smuggling or other business activities which are not declared formally on documents. Therefore, the total amount of GDP is somewhat flawed when it only could measure formal and legal economic activities which are demonstrated under formal documents. In a number of countries including Nigeria, Bolivia and Switzerland, informal business activities under shadow economy account for a considerable amount of percentage of total GDP. Nigeria, Bolivia and Switzerland had 77%, 67% and 9% of GDP of those activities in the shadow respectively. The definitions of GDP are flawed; thus, there has not any comprehensive definition for GDP. Therefore, According to Robert Kennedy† â€Å"The GDP measures neither our wit nor our courage, neither our wisdom nor our learning, neither our compassion nor our devotion to the country. It measures everything, in short, except that which makes life worth living† (Robert Kennedy) Although GDP indicates average income level in a country functioning as navigation for living standard, it does not what it is spent on. Generally, HDI (Human Development Index) has a huge gap with GDP. HDI is regarded as a valid measure of a nation’s progress; it is the result of the average value of the three indices called educational attainment, longevity and income (Karalay, 2005, p.214). Furthermore, there has been a major concern about inequality in income, which facing the position of GDP. China can be used as a typical example since the richest 10% income is 18.4 times than the 10% poorest. Ultimately, measuring GDP failed in addressing the cost of negative externality and the value of leisure; actually, these factors are ignored in GDP. Thus, the calculation of GDP is based on the assumption that most of population just does business activities. Moreover, it is hard to quantify the cost of environment. Although the increase in GDP indicates the development of an economy, factors such as air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution and annoy are not taken into account in calculating GDP. Environment has been come a major issue for the new generation, who have been attempting to protect the environment, which are under a great deal of damage. Therefore, the concept of â€Å"Green† GDP has been introduced. Leisure life, a crucial indicator of social and economic welfare was not counted in GDP. In order to increase GDP, people, workers and employees often have to increase their working hours, thus, reduce their leisure time. The value of leisure is hard to be measured but it is also regarded as services and goods expected by the people in a country. GDP often excludes leisure activities. For example, in Taiwan, government imposes the policy which allows workers to have two days off at weekend. Although this policy would increase cost of employers, it would increase social welfare in general. Because of incomprehensiveness, GDP is unable to provide people a thorough picture of a national economy such as living standard, social welfare and so on. GDP is actually just a number given by government in order to demonstrate its people that government is working hard for the prosperity of a nation. GDP measures have been facing a large number of limitations. According to the economist Joseph Stiglitz, there should be another measurement. Hence, he introduced the concept Gross Deceptive Product in the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress report in 2009. In this report, limitations in measuring GDP is emphasized; then additional information needed for the introduction of more comprehensive indications is presented. The report also evaluates the feasibility of alternative measurement tools of GDP. In addition, the report introduced twelve improvements in the ways to measure economic development. For example, income and consumption should be assessed rather than production; household perspective, income and consumption should be emphasized together with wealth broaden income measure to non-market activities and so forth. Despite a great deal of flaw, GDP has contributed greatly in measuring the development of a country as well as providing important information for foreign investment and immigration. Nevertheless, GDP is not a perfect statistic since it is unable to demonstrate living standard and social welfare. GDP is just can general information of national wealth and income. Reference Abel A B, Bernanke B S and Crouchore D (2008), Macroeconomics, 6th Ed, Pearson Education Inc, Boston Brakman S, Garretsen H, Marrewijk C V and Witteloostuijn A V (2006), National and Firms in the Global: An Introduction of International Economics and Business, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Brezina C (2012), Understanding the Gross Domestic Product and the Gross National Product, The Rosen Publishing Group Inc, New York Karalay G N (2005), Integrated approach to rural development: policies, programmes and strategies, Concept Publishing Company, India Mankiw N G (2011), Principles of Economics, Cengage Learning, USA Tucker I B (2011), Macroeconomics for Today, 7th Ed, South- Western Cengage Learning, USA

ear and throught disease :: essays research papers

Name: Terrean Robinson ID#: 28990809 Course: Microbiology Describe the major emerging and reemerging pathogens and disease (since 1980) and the consequence of these for healthcare system.(Include epi.&mechanism for origin of diseases) There are several emerging and reemerging diseases since the 1980. Emerging infectious disease results from newly identified and previously unknown infections, which cause public health problems locally and internationally. An emerging disease can be cause by a virus, a bacterium, a fungus, a protozoan and a helminth. Emerging disease associated with viruses since the 1980 are T-cell lympoma-leukemia,Toxic shock syndrome, Heamhorrhagic colitis; heamolytic ureamic syndrome, Hairy cell leukemia, lyme disease, AIDS, Peptic ulcer disease,Venezuelan haemorrhagic fever, Conjunctivitis, disseminated disease ,cholera,Cat scratch disease;bacillary angimatosis, Brazilian heamorrhagic fever, Hepatitis,New Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Influenza. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first isolated in 1983. It is estimated that since the start of the epidemic 30.6 million people worldwide have become HIV infected and nearly 12 million ha ve died from AIDS or AIDS-related diseases. Hepatitis C, identified in 1989, is now known to be the most common cause of post-transfusion hepatitis worldwide, with approximately 90 per cent of cases in Japan, the United States and Western Europe. Up to 3 per cent of the world population is estimated to be infected; 170 million are chronic carriers at risk of developing liver cirrhosis and/or liver cancer. Sin nombre (i.e., an unnamed) virus was isolated from cases of a local outbreak of a highly fatal respiratory disease. This was done in the southern United States in 1993. It has subsequently been diagnosed in sporadic cases across the United States, Canada and several South American countries. Influenza A (H5N1) virus is a well-known pathogen in birds, but was first isolated from humans in 1997. Its emergence initially suggested the next influenza pandemic but, in the event, the virus transmitted poorly and the spread of the virus appeared to have been contained in 1997.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are also some emerging diseases that are associated with bacteria these include: Legionella pneumophillai, Escherichilia coli, Borellia burgdorferi, Vibrio cholorae. Legionella pneumophilia was detected in 1977. The bacterium resulted in an outbreak of severe pneumonia in a convention center in the United States in 1976 and it has since been associated with outbreaks linked to poorly maintained air conditioning systems. Escherichia coli O157:H7: Detected in 1982, this bacterium is typically transmitted through contaminated food and has caused outbreaks of haemolytic uraemic syndrome in North America, Europe and Japan.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of slow food and fast food?

The expression ‘slow food' has recently been used in opposition ‘fast food'. What are the advantages and disadvantages of both types of food? Do you think that cooking is an important part of life or a waste of time? How do you feel about the arrival of multinational restaurants like McDonald's? What should people eat to be healthy? What have you heard of organic food that is becoming increasingly popular in Europe? Do you eat properly? It is true that a lot of people today prefer eating takeaways and fast food to traditional, home-cooked food, which is often called ‘slow food'. Fast food chains like McDonalds are opening up in every nook and corner of the world, attracting people of all ages, especially the children and youth. Fast food restaurants are extremely popular because people are always in a hurry, so they head towards fast food restaurants to save their time. Quickness, cheapness, convenience, and good taste of food are main reasons that determine the popularity of fast food restaurants. I don't see anything bad in them unless eating there becomes a habit. I think that eating fast food is problematic for a number of reasons. Firstly, in today's fast paced life, it might be very convenient to buy food that is ready to eat, fast food restaurant can serve you a meal within 10 minutes and after finishing your meal, you do not waste your time doing the washing-up. Saving your time is an evident advantage of fast food. But because the food is already cooked and needs to last longer, it will contain preservatives and additives. These substances are usually artificial and some people are allergic to them. Secondly, fast food might be tasty, but if you eat a lot of fast food and takeaways, you are probably not eating a very balanced diet. This is because many types of fast food and takeaways contain a lot of fat and not much fibre. Sodas and burgers are high in fat, sugar and salt. They provoke obesity, diabetes, and other chronic illnesses. A piece of fish that is fried and a large portion of chips are not as good for you as steamed fish and rice, for example. In addition, people who eat a lot of fast food and takeaways are not learning to cook at home. I think cooking is an important part of life, it is not only what you do to make a meal, it is also a creative and social skill. It is fun to learn to make a meal with a friend or member of the family. It can also make you feel good if you cook a good meal for other people. The advantages of slow food are evident. It is much healthier than fast food, and therefore, people can enjoy eating their meals without thinking of health problems. Nevertheless, slow food has some disadvantages. It needs a lots of time until it is ready. For instance, you should wait for several hours in order to have a ready home-made meal or you may not find all the ingredients you need in one grocery and have to look in several groceries until you find all the ingredients. And, of course, slow food requires some cooking skills. What should people eat to be healthy? A healthy diet must be composed of foods that provide your body with the vitamins and minerals it needs to function. Dairy products, such as cheese and yogurt, whole grains, lean meat and fish are essential components of a balanced diet. To keep our diet healthy we should include plenty of fruits and vegetables and limit the use of products made of white flour. Eating smaller servings of food more frequently instead of three large meals is preferable. We should include healthy monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats from olive oil, almonds and salmon and limit salt and sugar. More and more people today are switching to organic food that is food grown under natural conditions (without the use of inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, or herbicides; and either not processed, or processed without the use of additives). It is better in quality than conventional food and as a result is higher in price. However, organic food is becoming popular in spite of the higher prices. As for me, I can't say I eat properly. I am a student. I have to get up early and need to hurry not to be late for my classes. As a result I skip breakfast. I have a bite later at the University cafeteria. Usually it consists of sugary snacks, pastry, potato chips, sausages and salads with mayonnaise. My meals are not complete without sugary drinks such as carbonated fruit beverages, sweetened coffee or tea. I know that it isn't good for me but I can't help it. I can't go to the canteen to have lunch because of short breaks between the lessons. The study suggests that I am very likely to grab food. I lack the time to cook myself a decent meal due to the amount of studying required. So I am an unhealthy food eater.

Co-Education

Argumentative essay – Separate-Gender Classes in Co-Ed School is the best solution to the situation Nowadays, many parents are worrying about the amount of distractions that exist in co-ed schools, which directly affect their children's academic performance. This is simply due to the fact that there are chemical reactions when different genders spend time together. Consequently, there are a number of negative effects, for example, achieving bad academic performance and inappropriate relationship for children.While it cannot be denied that this issue will not disappear soon, I have analyzed two long run solutions. The first is assigning students in single-sex school and the other one is allocating them in single-sex classes in co-ed school. The second solution means putting all girls in one classroom and all boys in another, while they are in the same school. In the following essay, I will explain why assigning students in single-sex classes in co-ed school is the best solution to solve the issue that parents are worrying about.One point which I consider to be absolutely vital is the balance of subject-liking preference for both girls and boys. In other words, there are gender-typical subject preferences in both education systems: Single-sex school and Co-ed school. A British researcher has carried the research based on the attitudes of the students toward different subjects. â€Å"Students at co-ed schools tended to have gender-typical subject preferences: boys at co-ed schools liked math and science and did NOT like drama or languages, whereas boys at single-sex schools were more interested in drama, biology and languages.Likewise, girls at girls-only schools were more interested in math and science than were girls at co-ed schools† (Stables. 1990). Brian Walsh, who has been a principal at both boys' schools and co-ed schools, also made the observation: â€Å"Boys ordinarily do not even try to sing in a co-ed school, whereas they love choral sin ging in a boys' school; in the co-ed setting they make fun of French pronunciation, whereas in the single-sex setting they enjoy becoming fluent in French† (Riesman, 1990).There are gender-typical subject preferences in both single-sex schools and co-ed schools. However, this issue can be balanced by combining the ideas of single sex classes and co-ed school together in one school. In order words, implementing separated gender classes within a mixed gender school can actually balance the issue of subject-liking preference. There is a research carried by University of Cambridge can prove that separating students for some subjects help them to concentrate and improve their exam grades in the classes.Many girls and boys feel more at ease in such classes, feel more able to interact with learning and to show real interest without inhibition, and often achieve highly in all the performance† (‘Separate class needed for boys', 2005). Specifically, if we apply the second so lution to the school system – putting girls in one classroom and boys in another classroom in co-ed school, there are no or less gender-typical subject preferences. Different genders will try hard on the subjects that they don’t prefer to study as in co-ed school and in single sex school.For example, boys will be more likely to sing in the class and will also like mathematics and science as well as drama, biology and languages. Therefore implementing separated gender classes within a mixed gender school can not only balance the issue of subjects-liking preference, but also allowing children to become more well-rounded students, which I believe this is something most parents hope to see. There is less interaction between genders in a single sex school, which means it has less distraction for students than co-ed schools.However, in terms of social life, less interaction from different genders means less practical social abilities in daily life in single sex school. In or der to reduce this problem, a separate-gender classroom in a co-ed school system is the ideal solution. Therefore another benefit of having single-gender classroom within a co-ed school system is the self-development of students’ social skills. As in single-sex school, since all peers are girls in girls’ schools and all classmates are boys in boys’ schools, there is no interaction between different genders inside the school in daily life.Ruben A. Gaztambide-Fernandez, an assistant professor at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education at the University of Toronto, has mentioned that â€Å"Single sex schools shelter the opportunity of social behaviors from students. †(Aschaiek, 2012). On the other hand, many people think that the interactions between male and female students are too frequent in co-ed schools, which may cause unexpected and complicated relationships. In my personal opinion, it is true that there is not enough cross-gender interaction i n single sex schools and there is too much interaction in co-ed schools.Therefore, In order to balance to the interactions between different genders to maintain a considerate relationship and healthy social life, applying the second solution of separate-gender classrooms in co-ed school is the best alternative to this issue. This could be further explained by increasing the activities between different genders in their break time after the separate-gender classes in co-ed schools. To sum up, even though single sex schools have many other advantages for children to study, separate-gender classes in co-ed school is still the best alternative to solve the worry from the parents.It may not only improve children’s academic performance, but also help their social abilities to be more confident in dealing with any problem in a relationship. More importantly is that girls at the separate-gender classroom have less stereotyped thoughts about the role of a woman. Co-Education – A Detailed Essay Co-education means the education of boys and girls together. In our country there is co-education in some college and schools, in most colleges and school there is separate education for boys as well as for girls. Co-education has remained controversial issue in our country.Some people are in favour of this system and want to introduce it in all schools and colleges. They say that this system is very useful. They give many arguments in its favour. Their main argument is that in poor and backward country like Pakistan it is impossible to maintain separate institutions. Therefore co-education should be opened to girls also. The supporters of co-education also say that in progressive society men and women should come closer co-education would provide an opportunity to the young men and women to understand each other. This would be very helpful for them in future life.It would also be good for the progress of the country raise the standard of education. Because it will promote competition among boys and girls. In fact the supporters of co-education are talking of its benefits in such a manner, if it is only road to heaven. A little thought would expose the hollowness of these arguments. Everyone who has visited even a couple of colleges and schools knows that all of our institutions are frightfully over crowded. The girls’ schools and colleges too are over-crowded. Hundreds of new educational institutions are needed. It some of these are reserved for girls, it would not cost more to government.If number of girl’s students were small then the consideration of economy would have been partly valid. The second argument is also not valid if young men and women can’t understand each other in their homes and families, then they would not be able to do so in the school or college. Why that one is feels that one can understand the opposite sex only if one meets one’s neighbours daughter. The system of co-education will not raise the standard of education. Temptation of flirting is strongest than the urgent reading text books co-education will create many problems not only for the students but also for teachers.Temptation does not distinguish between the students and the teacher. The real reason why some people support co-education is that they like western culture. They want to be more English than English because west has co-education so they must have it. But we have to consider whether our religion, our culture and our circumstances allow us to adopt co-education. I can say that they certainly not allow us to adopt such system. If co-education is inevitable one would agree to it. But it is not a necessary evil. And there is no reason that we should patronize everything with foreign name.If it is necessary we should adopt it only at elementary level while at secondary level and higher secondary level there should be separate system of education. By adopting this system at secondary and higher secondary l evel we will only be able to promote vulgar-ness in our society. Essay on Co-Education System Co-education is a system of educating boys and girls together. In ancient times, co-education was prevalent in Greece. Today, this system of education is there in almost all the countries of the world. It is economical. It generates a spirit of comradeship between boys and girls.The problem of shortage of trained teachers can be dealt with by this system. Boys overcome their curiosity and girls, their shyness. They learn to respect one another. Though a few conservative people are against this system, their views do not hold ground. Co-education generates harmonious relationship, a sense of co-operation, and thus, helps in the progress of the nation. Co-education is a system of educating boys and girls together. In ancient times, co-education existed in Sparta in Greece. There was no discrimination between boys and girls. They studied and played together.Along with academic education, physi cal training was also given to both the sexes. Plato, the Greek philosopher, believed that co-education helped in the development of personality of both men and women and created a feeling of comradeship among them. He felt that co-education was the only method to make both men and women useful members of society. Hence, in the west, the importance of co-education has been felt since ancient times. In early Vedic Society (Ancient India), co-education was prevalent in a few places. But gradually female education began to be ignored.Moreover, the system of education was quite different from that of today. The boys stayed in Gurukuls, for the whole educational period. There they received both in academic education and physical training. The former included the study of the scriptures and the latter, training in warfare. Girls were not sent to the Gurukuls, and thus were deprived of the benefits of education. In medieval India, those belonging to lower castes and the womenfolk were not allowed to attend schools or study the scriptures. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, great social reformer and scholar, fought against this practice and succeeded in his mission.His job was further carried on by other social reformers. Today, co-education is prevalent in almost all the countries of the world. In India, there are a number of co-educational schools, colleges and universities. There are a number of advantages in the co-educational system of education. It is economical. Poor countries cannot afford to open separate schools for boys and girls. If boys and girls are taught together in the same school, then there will be no need to open separate schools for them. Thus, the cost to be incurred on building infrastructure, furniture, stationery, personnel recruitment, etc. will be saved.There is a shortage of good trained teachers in developing countries like India. If there is co-education, same staff can teach both boys and girls at the same time in the same class, and the problem of sho rtage can be dealt with. Establishing more of co-educational schools can help in spreading literacy even with the limited teaching staff and infrastructure. Thus, it will be beneficial for both boys and girls and the nation as a whole. Co-education helps the boys and girls to intermingle and understand each other well. They become more broad-minded and tolerant towards the opposite gender.They interact freely with one another, thereby overcoming hesitation and shyness. Thus, co-education leads to a healthy and harmonious relationship between boys and girls. In a co-educational school, boys are free to meet and talk with girls. They develop a feeling of friendship among themselves. Boys then, usually don't indulge in eve-teasing. Co-education contributes to the balanced development of the personality of boys and girls. A new study has revealed that the co-educational schools are better as the presence of girls in classes restrains boys from indulging in unruly behavior and improves t heir academic performance.Infect, a higher percentage of girls not only lowers the amount of classroom disruption but also fosters a better relationship between students and their teachers. The researchers found that classes with more than 55% of girls resulted in better exam results and less violent outbursts overall. Boys with more female peers in their classes showed higher enrolment rates in both advanced mathematics and science classes, but overall benefits were found in all grades for both sexes. They conclude that this effect is due to the positive influence, the girls are adding to the classroom environment.Infect the study found that primary school classrooms with a female majority showed increased academic success for both boys and girls. In the middle and high schools, the classrooms which had the best academic achievements overall were consistently those that had a higher proportion of girls enrolled. The researchers suggest that boys and girls may learn differently, but it is better not to send them to sex-segregated schools. Boys become conscious of their dressing habits, behavior and the style girls. They work hard to remain ahead of one another.Co-education reduces gender bias in the society. It generates a feeling of equality between both and sexes. The feeling of male dominance may be wiped out from the society if this system of education is given importance. However, some people are opposed to the system of co-education. According to them, this system is against the Indian culture and tradition. It is also argued that girls feel freer in an institution which is meant only for girls. As such they have greater scope of developing their personality. They also participate in sports, dramatics and debates more freely.Teachers of some subjects like Biology also find it easier to explain some chapters more thoroughly if only girls or only boys are sitting in the class. Sex education has also been introduced and in co-educational schools even teache rs find it difficult to discuss such topics in the class. It is also felt that since students (especially teenagers 13-19 years of age) are of impressionable age, the possibility of their going astray is much more in co-educational institutions, where they enjoy more freedom of intermingling with the other sex. They also do not remain focused on studies.It should be acknowledged that in the fast changing society of twenty first century co-education has to become the order of the day. Today girls are entering all professions in large numbers. Many of them are heading big organizations. Co-education will help young boys and girls to mix freely and understand one another better. Today's children are tomorrow's citizens. We must encourage them to develop their personality in a free healthy atmosphere. Girls no more have to remain confined to the four walls of the house. Co-education will help both sexes to learn and work together for the progress of the country.

Real Pirate Quotations

Real Pirate Quotations Note: These are real quotations from actual pirates during the Golden Age of piracy, which lasted roughly from 1700 to 1725. If youre looking for modern quotations about pirates or quotations from movies, youve come to the wrong place, but if youre looking for authentic historical quotations from historys greatest sea-dogs, read on! Anonymous Pirate (Context) When asked on the gallows if he repented. Yes, I do heartily repent. I repent I had not done more mischief; and that we did not cut the throats of them that took us, and I am extremely sorry that you arent hanged as well as we. (Johnson 43) Bartholomew Black Bart Roberts In an honest service there is thin commons, low wages, and hard labor; in this, plenty and satiety, pleasure and ease, liberty and power; and who would not balance creditor on this side, when all the hazard that is run for it, at worst, is only a sour look or two at choking. No, a merry life and a short one, shall be my motto. (Johnson, 244) (Translation: In honest work, the food is bad, the wages are low and the work is hard. In piracy, there is plenty of loot, its fun and easy and we are free and powerful. Who, when presented with this choice, would not choose piracy? The worst that can happen is you can be hanged. No, a merry life and a short one shall be my motto.) Henry Avery (Context) Informing Captain Gibson of the Duke (who was a notorious drunkard) that he was taking over the ship and going pirate. Come, dont be in a fright, but put on your clothes, and Ill let you into a secret. You must know that I am Captain of this ship now, and this is my cabin, therefore you must walk out. I am bound to Madagascar, with a design of making my own fortune, and that of all the brave fellows joined with me...if you have a mind to make one of us, we will receive you, and if youll turn sober, and mind your business, perhaps in time I may make you one of my Lieutenants, if not, heres a boat alongside and you shall be set ashore. (Johnson 51-52) Edward Blackbeard Teach (Context) Before his final battle Damnation seize my soul if I give you quarters, or take any from you. (Johnson 80) (Translation: Ill be damned if I accept your surrender or surrender to you.) Blackbeard Lets jump on board, and cut them to pieces. (Johnson 81) Howell Davis (Context) Dissolving his alliance with pirates Thomas Cocklyn and Olivier La Buse Hark ye, you Cocklyn and la Bouche, I find by strengthening you, I have put a rod into your hands to whip myself, but I am still able to deal with you both; but since we met in love, let us part in love, for I find that three of a trade can never agree. (Johnson 175) Bartholomew Roberts (Context) Explaining to his victims that he was under no obligation to treat them kindly or fairly. There is none of you but will hang me, I know, whenever you can clinch me within your power. (Johnson 214) Black Sam Bellamy (Context) To a Captain Beer, apologizing after his pirates had voted to sink Beers ship after looting it. Damn my blood, I am sorry they wont let you have your sloop again, for I scorn to do anyone a mischief, when it is not for my advantage. (Johnson 587) Anne Bonny (Context) To Calico Jack Rackham in prison after he had decided to surrender to pirate hunters instead of fight. I am sorry to see you here, but if you had fought like a man, you neednt be hanged like a dog. (Johnson, 165) Thomas Sutton (Context) A captured member of Roberts crew, when told by a fellow pirate that he hoped to make it into Heaven. Heaven, you fool? Did you ever year of any pirates going thither? Give me hell, its a merrier place: Ill give Roberts a salute of 13 guns at entrance. (Johnson 246) William Kidd (Context) Upon being sentenced to hang. My Lord, it is a very hard sentence. For my part, I am the innocentest person of them all, only I have been sworn against by perjured persons. (Johnson 451) About These Quotations All of these quotations are directly taken from Captain Charles Johnsons A General History of the Pyrates (page numbers in parentheses refer to the edition below), written between 1720 and 1728 and considered one of the most important primary sources on piracy. Please note that I have made minor cosmetic changes to the quotations such as updating to modern spelling and removing capitalization of proper nouns. For the record, it is unlikely that Captain Johnson actually heard any of these quotations directly, but he did have good sources and it is fair to assume that the pirates in question said, at some point, something reasonably like the quotations listed. Source Defoe, Daniel (Captain Charles Johnson). A General History of the Pyrates. Edited by Manuel Schonhorn. Mineola: Dover Publications, 1972/1999.